• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.12B no.3 s.99
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• pp.313-322
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• 2005

In order to access digital items in a server via ubiquitous devices, the digital items should be adapted according to the system environment, device characteristics and user preferences. In ubiquitous environment, those device-dependent adaptation requirements are not statically determined and not predictable. Therefore an application specific adaptation mechanism can not be applied to a general digital item adaptation engine. In this paper, we propose an application independent digital item adaptation architecture which has a set of minimal transcoders, transcoding path generator for a required adaptation requirement, and adaptation scheduler. And a CFG based method of finding a sequence of multiple unit transcoders called a transcoding path Is described in detail followed by experimental results.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.581-595
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to specify the procedure for making item models based on ontology models using automatic item generation in the mathematics subject through the CAFA system, and to explore the generated item instances. As an illustration for this, an item model was designed as a part of formative assessment based on the content characteristics, including concepts and calculations, and process characteristics, including application, using the representative values and the measures of dispersion in Mathematics of the 9th grade based on the evaluation criteria achievement standards. The item types generated in one item model were a best answer type, a correct answer type, a combined-response type, an incomplete statement type, a negative type, a true-false type, and a matching type. It was found that HTML, Google Charts, TTS, figures, videos and so on can be used as media. The implications of the use of digital evaluation based on automatic item generation were suggested in the aspects of students, pre-service teachers, general teachers, and special education, and the limitations of this study and future research directions were presented.

• International Journal of Knowledge Content Development & Technology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.67-94
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• 2013

This exploratory research explores the concept of a digital legacy as a general concept and as a collection of digital possessions with unique characteristics. The results reported in this article are part of a larger study. In Cushing (2013), the author identified the characteristics of a digital possession. In this study, these characteristics of a digital possession were utilized to explore how the characteristics of several digital possessions could form a collection, or a digital legacy. In addition to being explored as a collection of digital possessions, data was collected about the general concept of a digital legacy. In part I of the study, 23 participants from three age groups were interviewed about their general concept of a digital legacy. Five general characteristics describing a digital legacy were identified. In part II of the study, interview data from Cushing (2013) was used to create statements describing digital possessions. The statements were classified utilizing the archival concept of primary and secondary values, as well as the consumer behavior concepts of self extension to possessions and possession attachment. Primary value refers to the purpose for which the item was created, while secondary value refers to an additional value that the participants can perceive the item to hold, such as a perception that an item can represent one's identity. Using standard Q method procedure, 48 participants were directed to rank their agreement with 60 statements (written on cards), along a distribution of -5 to +5, according to the characteristics of the digital possession they would most like to maintain for a digital legacy. The ranked statements were analyzed using Q factor analysis, in order to perceive the most common statements associated with maintaining digital possessions for a digital legacy. Q method results suggested that most individuals described the digital possessions they wanted to maintain for a digital legacy using various combinations of characteristics associated with primary and secondary values. This suggests that while some participants will respond to personal archiving based on the concept of preserving identity (a perceived secondary value), this will not appeal to everyone. Information professional could consider this difference in appeal when marketing personal archiving assistance to patrons.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.351-364
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• 2003

In this paper, we propose visual Impairment descriptions for MPEG-21 digital item adaptation. The proposed visual impairment descriptions include low vision impairment and color vision deficiency. It is symptom-based description so that the description is systematic enough to sufficiently describe user's any kind of visual impairment characteristics and easy enough to describe for any user with visual impairment. In this paper, we performed some experiments with the proposed description in MPEG-21 digital item adaptation. The experiments showed that the proposed description Is effective to adapt visual resources In digital item for users with visual impairment and to give enhanced visual accessibility to them.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.292-295
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• 2003

This paper presents the architecture and its function of Tool server. MPEG-21 will enable all-electronic creation, delivery and trade of digital multimedia content and transparent usage of various content types on network device. Therefore, we can provide access to information and services from almost anywhere at anytime with various terminals and networks. In order to support multimedia delivery chain that contains content creation, production, delivery and consumption, we need some elements to identify, describe, manage and protect the contents. Thus, we define Digital Item Processing(DIP), Digital Item Adaptation(DIA) server and Tool server as primary objects of MPEG-21 multimedia framework. DIP provides a function which creates and consumes Digital Item(DI) as a kind of a digital object by user. DIA server adapts the original DI to the usage environment description sent from the terminal and transmits the adapted DI to the terminal. Tool sewer searches for a tool requested from DIP or DIA and downloads the best tool to DIP or DIA server. In this paper, we present how Tool server is organized and is used among 2 primary objects. The paper is structured as following: Section 1 briefly describes why MPEG-21 is needed and what MPEG-21 wants. We see the basic architecture of tool server and its functionality by each module in section 2. Section 3 explains a scenario that tool server transmits tool to DIP or DIA. The paper concludes in section 4.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2003.07d
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• pp.1649-1652
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• 2003

LPEG-21의 주요 요소 중 하나인 Digital Item Adaptation(DIA)은 사용자 선호도(User Preferences) 및 터미널 능력(Terminal Capabilities)에 따라 적응 변환된 디지털 아이템(digital item)을 제공한다. 본 논문은 MPEG-21 프레임워치에서 입체 영상 디지털 아이템의 적응을 구현하는 DIA 테스트베드의 구현을 목적으로 한다. 사용자 선호도에는 입체시차 종류, 길이 범위, 지연 영상 간격 등이 있다. 터미널 능력으로는 코덱, 입체 랜더링 포멧, 디스플레이 타입 등이 있다. 상기 기술자들은 서버로 전송되어 적응된 입체영상이 생성되며, 또한 변환된 입체영상 DI는 사용자의 요구에 따라 MPEG-2 또는 MPEG-4로 엔코딩되어 전송된다. 클라이언트는 서버의 DIA에서 전송되는 입체영상 DI를 Java와 JMF로 구현된 프로그램을 웹 브라우저 상에서 구동된다. 클라이언트는 웹 브라우저로 서버에 접속한 후 원하는 입체영상 DI를 실시간으로 전송 받는다.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2003.07e
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• pp.1843-1846
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• 2003

In MPEG-21 Multimedia Framework, Digital Item (DI) is the minimum unit fur processing and delivering the multimedia contents. So how to process, manipulate and represent DI is a very important problem in the standpoint of interoperability for each terminal and provide., and Digital Item Processing (DIP) regarding this issue. This paper suggests technologies which are concerning how DIP should interact with other parts of MPEG-21 (Digital Item Adaptation (DIA), Intellectual Property Management and Protection (IPMP), etc.). For this concept, this paper uses the video summary contents which can describe the hierarchical structures of original multimedia contents. In MPEG-21 environment, the usage of this summary video is very useful delivery and consumption way in view of network burden, efficient accessing to contents.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.13-26
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• 2016

Service and technology for the future hyper-connected society, which is every information receive through the mobile internet, will be an Internet of Things. Thus, it is mandatory to derive key standardization work item and establish strategy for the global business with the standardization of device and service platform by the application service. In this study, by analyzing the domestic and international market trends, state of technical development, and standardization of technology, we identified the open platform is the stepping stone for achieving the goal which is establishing the virtuous circulation of IoT ecosystem. Also, we defined emphasized key standardization work item for achieving the open platform are network, server, access authentication, billing system, and software platform. After that, we proposed future strategy direction of standardization. This research could be contribute to the IoT service diffusion by realizing IP communication among low power wireless terminals and implementing light-weight standard internet protocol.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2003.07d
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• pp.1403-1406
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• 2003

This paper presents a user preference description for graphics contents that is developed in the process of the MPEG-21 DIA(Digital Item Adaptation) standard. The description scheme in this paper is proposed by the authors and adopted in the current AM (Adaptation Model) document of the MPEG-21 DIA. The goal of MPEG-21 standard is providing a multimedia framework that Provides augmented and transparent use of digital contents across various networks and terminals fur the life cycle of digital contents. DI (Digital Item) is a standardized basic unit of digital contents for transaction in the scope of MPEG-21. DIA contains both media resources and metadata including rights information.

• Journal of Information Management
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.107-130
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• 2004

MPEG-21 is an open standard framework for creation, delivery and consumption of digital content in interoperable and rights-managed and protected way. Focusing on DRM technologies, this paper covers with concept and ongoing activities of MPEG-21's parts - Digital Item Declaration which is the base unit of trade and delivery, Digital Item Identification, Intellectual Property Management & Protection, Rights Data Dictionary, Rights Expression Language, Persistent Association Technology, Event Reporting, and so on.