• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.167-168
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• 1996

Experiments were conducted to determine the activities of protease and carbohydrase in growing lensky sturgeon fed with three different diets containing various concentrations of protein and carbohydrate. Neutral pretense activity from growing lensky sturgeon the protein diet (predo-minary, almost $100\%$ protein) was lower then those from fish fed the other diets during the experimental period. The results may indicate that the level of pretense activity is inversely related to the level of protein in the diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.987-994
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of natural clinoptilolite (NCLI) and modified clinoptilolite (MCLI) on broiler performance, gut morphology, intestinal length and weight, and gut digestive enzyme activity. A total of 240 d-old male chicks were randomly assigned to 3 treatments, each of which comprised 8 pens of 10 chicks per pen. Birds in the control group were fed the basal diet, while those in the experimental groups were fed diets supplemented with NCLI at 2% (NCLI group), or MCLI at 2% (MCLI group), respectively, for 42 d. Compared with the control, supplementation with NCLI or MCLI had no significant (p>0.05) effects on productive parameters from d 1 to 42. Supplementation with NCLI or MCLI had no influence on the relative length and weight of small intestine at d 1 to 21. But supplementation with NCLI or MCLI significantly reduced the relative weight of duodenum. Supplementation with MCLI and NCLI was associated with greater (p<0.05) villus height in the jejunal and ileal mucosa compared with those areas in the controls from d 1 to 42. However, supplementation with NCLI and MCLI had no significant (p>0.05) influence on the crypt depth in the jejunal and ileal mucosa compared with those in the controls. The addition of either NCLI or MCLI to the diet improved the activities of total protease, and amylase in the small intestinal contents. In conclusion, supplementation with NCLI or MCLI in diets improved intestinal morphology, increased the intestinal length and weigh and gut digestive enzyme activity.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.634-643
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• 2023

The effects of dietary supplementation with fermented blood meal (FBM) in two forms were evaluated on the growth performance, hematological parameters, innate immune response, antioxidant capacity, digestive enzyme activity and intestinal histology of Japanese eel Anguilla japonica. A commercial powder feed was used as a basal diet (Con). Six other diets were prepared by supplementing 2, 4 and 6% FBM either in powder or liquid form to the Con diet (designated as P2, P4, P6, L2, L4 and L6, respectively). In total 420 eels (initial mean body weight: 55.1±1.71 g) were distributed into 21 tanks (450L) at a density of 20 eels per tank. Three replicate groups of fish were fed one of the seven diets twice daily for 12 weeks. No significant differences were observed in the growth performance and survival among all groups. Fish fed FBM-containing diets showed significantly improved hematological parameters, innate immunity and antioxidant capacity than those in the Con group. Fish fed FBM-containing diets showed significantly enhanced digestive enzyme activity, villus length and goblet cells than those in fish fed Con diet. These results indicate that both powder and liquid FBM could be a good functional feed additive to improve innate immunity and digestion in Japanese eel.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.151-163
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• 2012

Digestive cells of the bivalves have a highly developed lysosomal system and the system is known to be sensitive to changes in environmental qualities. In this study, we measured lysosomal responses of the digestive cells in wild oyster, Crassostrea gigas using frozen section. Oysters were collected in June 2010 from intertidal areas in the inner and outer bay of Gwangyang off the south coast of Korea. From the tissue sections, we measured the digestive cell lysosomal membrane stability (LMS), level of neutral lipids (NL), lipofuscin (LF) and the digestive gland atrophy (DGA). The DGA and condition index of oysters from the inner bay were significantly lower (P<0.05). The statistical test indicated that LMS levels of oysters in the inner bay and the outer bay were not significantly different since a shorter activity was displayed by oysters from the inner bay than that of oysters in outer bay. The LF deposition level of the oysters in the inner bay displayed significantly higher levels than the outer bay (P<0.05). In contrast, the NL accumulation measured from oysters in outer bay was significantly higher than the level observed in the inner bay (P<0.05). Different levels of DGA and LF that were observed in the inner and outer bays were thought to be associated to different level of environmental contamination and these two assays are considered to be good biomarkers.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.233-239
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• 2003

Growth and activities of digestive enzymes in slime flounder (Microstomus achne) larvae were measured from hatching to near the end of larval development (day 58). Larvae reared under starved and fed conditions and the changes of acid phosphatase (ACPase) specific activity, alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) specific activity, trypsin-like enzyme activity and pepsin-like enzyme activity were described with growth and developmental stage of larvae. Total length of the starved larvae was gradually increased for 7 days post hatching and then almost unchanged. Total length of the fed larvae ranged from 5.13$\pm$0.178 mm at the day of hatching to 13.43$\pm$1.395 mm at 58 days after hatching. In starved group, dry body weight decreased from 0.l0$\pm$0.020 mg at the day of hatching to 0.05$\pm$0.012 mg at 12 days after hatching. Dry body weight of fed larvae decreased during the prelarva stage like starved group and then gradually increased. ACPase and ALPase specific activity in the starved larvae increased until all larvae died, however those activities in the fed larvae increased until 20 days and then decreased until 58 days after hatching, with no significant difference between groups. Trypsin-like enzyme activity in the starved larvae was unchanged until 3 days and then was the highest on 5 days after hatching, but not detected after completion of yolksac absorption. Those of fed larvae decreased until 3 days and sharply increased until completion of yolksac absorption. The highest trypsin-like enzyme activity in the fed group was observed at 20 days after hatching. Trypsin-like enzyme activity in the fed larvae was significantly higher than that in the starved larvae from 8 days after hatching. Pepsin-like enzyme activity was increased in 5 days after hatching in both groups. There was significant difference at 8 and 10 days after hatching between both groups. Based on above results, digestive enzyme activities were correspondingly changed to a growth and morphological transformation. Trypsin-like enzyme and pepsin-like enzyme activities are able to be a useful indices for health and growth status in larval slime flounder, because there was significant difference in digestive enzyme activities with developmental stages, growth or feed supply.

• The Journal of Korean Society of Virology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.87-97
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• 1999

It has long been known that lactoferrin prevents human beings from infection of virus. To prove this activity of lactoferrin, we evaluated the activities of different lactoferrins to an isolate human rotavirus K-21. Bovine lactoferrin inhibited infection of K-21 to MA-104 cell at the concentration of $25.9\;{\mu}M$ whereas bovine hydrolysed lactoferrin prevented rotavirus infection at $103.8\;{\mu}M$. However human lactoferrin prevented infection of K-21 at the concentration of $217.5\;{\mu}M$. These data suggested that lactoferrin activity may be unaffected by the intestinal digestive enzymes and bovine lactoferrin is more active than human lactoferrin with respect to prevention of rotavirus infection.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.35-38
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• 1959

The enzymatic activity of amylase which was isolated from a shell fish Veneridae Soxidmnus purpuratus Sowerby(Korean name :Gai-jo-gai") was studied and the obtained results were as follows: (1) The optimum pH of the enzyme was Ca. 6.2-6.4. (2) Prohibiting activity of metalic ions for the enzymatic activity was the order of 1/1000M-$Mg^{++}$>1/1000M-$Sr^{++}$>1/1000M-$Na^{+}$, and $Ca^{++}$ ion's prohibiting action was hardly showed. (3) Of 3 specimens of amyiase from Heptapancreas, Gastro-intestine and crystalline style, the highest activity was shown by amylase from crystlline style, and the other two showed almost same degree of activity. (4) Heptapancreas Amylase from the shell fish showed remarkably higher enzymatic activity than the pancreas amylase from a pig.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.140-148
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• 2010

This study was to investigate the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose using the cellulase from whole body of the native termite collected in Milyang-si, Kyungsangnamdo, Korea. In the results, optimal temperature and pH for the enzyme of native termites were $45^{\circ}C$ and pH 5.5 for both endo-${\beta}$-1, 4-glucanase and ${\beta}$-glucosidase. Enzyme activity of the termite enzyme was shown $8.8{\times}10^{-2}\;FPU/m{\ell}$. And the highest glucose hydrolysis rate of cellulose by the digestive enzyme from test termites was 24.5% based on the glucan, comparing 59.7% by commercial enzyme (only celluclast 1.5 L) at 1% (w/v) substrate and 36 hours in hydrolysis time. This hydrolysis rate by the digestive enzyme from test termites was comparatively high value in 41% level of the commercial enzyme. When cellulose was hydrolyzed by the digestive enzyme of the native termite, glucose hydrolysis was almost completed in 12 hours which was the considerably reduced time for cellulose hydrolysis. It was suggested that the quiet short reaction time for cellulose hydrolysis by the enzyme from native termite could be a very high advantage for development of hydrolysis cellulase for lignocellulosic biomass.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.270-276
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• 2008

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of exogenous non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) enzymes on performance, intestinal content viscosity and digestive enzyme activities of growing pigs fed a rough rice-based diet. A total of 60 crossbred barrows with an initial body weight of 35.16 kg (SD = 0.82) were blocked by body weight and randomly assigned to two treatments with three replications. Each group was fed the diet based on rice with or without exogenous NSP enzymes (2 g/kg of diet). During the 70 days of the feeding trial, all pigs were given free access to feed and water. At the end of the feeding trial, six pigs from each treatment were randomly selected and slaughtered to collect intestinal digesta, intestinal mucosa, and pancreas. The addition of NSP enzymes improved average daily gain (p<0.05) and feed:gain (p<0.05), and decreased viscosity of digesta in the jejunum (p<0.001) and ileum (p<0.01) of pigs. The supplementation of NSP enzymes increased activities of protease (p<0.01), trypsin (p<0.01) and ${\alpha}$-amylase (p<0.05) in duodenal contents. However, digestive enzymes in the pancreas, jejunal and ileal mucosa were unaffected by the supplemental NSP enzymes (p>0.10). The results indicate that the addition of NSP enzymes to rough rice-based diets improved performance of pigs, reduced viscosity and increased digestive activity in the small intestine.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.168-174
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• 2015

Purpose: Recent studies have suggested that decreased serum potassium level may contribute to various metabolic disorders in adult patients including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We aimed to study the correlation between serum potassium levels and the histologic severity of NAFLD in children. Methods: Pediatric patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD were included in this study. Demographic, clinical, and histopathological data were obtained. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess whether potassium levels are associated with the presence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) or fibrosis after adjusting for possible confounders. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Among 125 biopsies, 49.6% (62) had evidence of NASH while 66.4% (83) had some degree of fibrosis (stage 1-3). Mean serum potassium was significantly lower in NASH group as compared to non-NASH group ($4.4{\pm}0.42mmoL/L$ vs. $4.8{\pm}0.21$, p<0.001). Higher potassium level had negative correlation with presence of steatosis, ballooning, lobular inflammation, fibrosis and NAFLD activity score (p<0.05). On multivariable analysis and after adjusting for the metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance, higher potassium level was significantly associated with lower likelihood of having a histological diagnosis of NASH on biopsy (odds ratio [OR], 0.12; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.05-0.28; p<0.001). Similarly, the likelihood of having fibrosis decreases by 76% for every 0.5 mmoL/L increase in potassium (OR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.11-0.54; p<0.001). Conclusion: Our study shows an inverse relationship between serum potassium levels and the presence of aggressive disease (NASH and fibrosis) in children with NAFLD.