• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.34-49
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• 1988

The purpose of this study is to identify the status of school health and analyze affecting factors of school nurses' self confidence and nursing activities of the secondary school in Seoul. The data was collected from 13th of August to 30th of October. The self reported questionairs were distributed during one of the school nurses seminars held in Seoul and 93 secondary school nurses answered. Analysis of the data was done utilizing SPSS for percentage, mean, T-test ANOVA and Pearson Correlation Coefficients. The results of study are summerized as follows; 1. General Characteristics The mean age of the subjects was 33.4 and mean length of experience as a school nurse was 7.3 years. 79.5 percent of them had clinical experiences and the mean clinic experience was 2.1 years. The majority of them were graduate of the baccalaureate nursing programs and 82.8 percent of them were married. 72.0 percent of the sample had religion, and 60.2 percent of them were in the national or public schools. 90.3 percent of them had independent duty. 2. The status of school health resources In average, there were 2,445 students, 37 classes and 63 teachers per school nurse. 48.4 percent of them were aware of the school budget. The budget for school health was 585,000 won per school in average. 30.0 percent of the schools had school health organization. The schools whose health clinics were on the first floor consisted of 79.3 percent, among them 42.9 percent were on the center of the building office. 3. Activities of school health nursing The average number of students using health clinic were 430 per month. The majority of the problem was digestive problem. There were 7.5 times of mean correspondences with parents per year. The activities of the school nurses were clinic management (29.0%), health care services (23.5%) and health education (14.1%). 4. The degrees of self confidence of the school nurse and nursing activities Self confidence measured by 6 items of self-reported questionaires scored by 4 point Likert Scale revealed. The nurses' self-confidence was 2.922 in clinic management, 2.909 in health education, 2.759 in program planning and evaluation, 2.757 in health care services, 2.692 in management of school environment, and 2.250 in operation of school health organization. The nursing activities scored by 2 point. The nursing activities was 1,870 in program planning and evaluation, 1.853 in health education, 1.843 in clinic management, 1.739 in health care services, 1.696 in management of school environment and 1.265 in operating of school health organization. 5. Factors affecting self confidence and nursing activities of school nurses The general characteristics of the school nurses and the school health resources were related to self confidence and nursing activities. The most significant variable to nurses' self confidence was type of the school ownership and the presence of school health organization was the most significant factor to nursing activities.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2003

Drug interactions with food, on occasion, lead to serious nutritional and functional changes in the body as well as alternations of pharmacological effect. It, therefore, should be necessary to take drug interactions with food into consideration for effective and safe therapeutics. Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by abnormal glucose homeostasis, resulting in hyperglycemia, and is associated with increased risk of micovascular, macrovascular, and neuropathic complications. However, the precise mechanism of diabetes mellitus remains unclear. Three basic objectives in the care of diabetic patients are maintaining optimal nutrition, avoiding hypo- or hyperglycemia and preventing complications. The purpose of this study was to investigate thε effect of Laminaria japonica diet on the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of glipizide which are frequently used in the treatment of diabetes. Diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin were employed in this study. Blood concentrations of oral hypoglycemic agents were measured by HPLC and resultant pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by RSTRIP. The mechanisms of drug interaction with food were evaluated on the basis of pharmacokinetic parameters such as $k_{a},\;t_{1/2},\;C_{max},\;t_{max}$ and AUC. Administration of glipizide in normal rats treated with Laminaria japonica diet showed significant increase in AUC, $k_{a},\;t_{1/2},\;t_{max}$ and decrease in $C_{max}$, compared to those without Laminaria japonica diet. This might result from adsorption of glipizide on components of Laminaria japonica, causing delayed absorption. Administration of glipizide in diabetic rats treated with Laminaria japonica diet showed significant increase in $t_{1/2}\;and\;t_{max}$, and decrease in $C_{max}$, compared to those without Laminaria japonica diet. This might also result from adsorption of glipizide on components of Laminaria japonica, causing delayed absorption and flattened blood concentration of glipizide. The oral glucose test showed that Laminaria japonica diet could lower blood glucose level probably through either inhibiting the activity of disaccharidases, intestinal digestive enzymes, or delaying the absorption of glucose. More studies should be followed to fully understand pharmacokinetic changes of glipizide caused by long-term Laminaria japonica diet.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.1 s.65
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• pp.146-154
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• 2006

Objectives : Siguan points (LI4, LR3) have been most frequently applied for various diseases, especially different digestive disorders such as constipation, abdominal pain or various intestinal inflammatory diseases. The fact that gastrointestina movement is closely connected with physiologic functions or pathologic process of alimentary canal led us to ask the question if Siguan points affects on intestinal motility. Design: To investigate the effect of Siguan acupuncture on the intestinal movement in both physiologic and pathologic conditions, we divided the experimental animals into 12 groups. Six groups were pre-treated with loperamide (0.5 mg/kg, sc) or scoploamine (0.5 mg/kg, sc) to suppress the intestinal movement and another three groups were pretreated with carbachol (0.5 mg/kg, po) to activate it, whereas the rest three groups didn't receive any pretreatment to be kept in the physiological condition. After the administration with charcoal meal, mice were acupunctured bilaterally on sham point or Siguan points as the manner of tap-stimulation, with the exception of no acupuncture groups. Methods : Mice were scarified in twenty minutes after the administration of charcoal to measure the distance of charcoal passage from stomach-duodenal junction. The effect on intestinal movement was presented by calculating the relative distance where charcoal arrived to total length of small intestine. Results : In physiological state, charcoal meal passed around 53%, and there was no significant difference between Siguan points and sham points groups. On the other hand. Siguan points-sitimulation significantly ameliorated loperamide or scoplolamine-induced suppressed travel rate of 17.3 % and 18.6% in sham point into 26% and 26.3% respectively (p<0.05). In carbachol-induced accelerated condition, Siguan points-stimulation didn't affect intestinal motility comparing to sham point group passed about 97.6%. Conclusions : These results postulate that acupuncture at Siguan points have a therapeutic effect by restoring cholinergic activity on pathogenically suppressed intestinal peristalsis, but does not affect the gastrointestinal motility in the normal or accelerated condition.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.491-500
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• 2020

Lactic acid bacteria are widely known to prevent and treat intestinal health conditions, heart disease, depression, and obesity. In Korea, such bacteria are commonly consumed through various fermented foods, although most are isolated from kimchi, and research on the lactic acid bacteria in fermented seafood is insufficient. This study was therefore conducted to observe changes in bacterial flora according to the culture date of lactic acid bacteria in the fermentation of traditional Korean Gajami Sikhae produced in Pohang and to isolate the bacteria of probiotic value. The bacteria were periodically isolated and identified from date of preparation to 50 days after preparation to investigate which Lactobacillus are involved in Gajami Sikhae. As fermentation progressed, it was confirmed that Pediococcus sp. and Lactobacillus sp. participate predominantly in the early and later periods of fermentation, respectively. During the entire fermentation period, 170 isolates were screened, and the following five species were found to be involved: Pediococcus pentosaceus, Pediococcus inopinatus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus brevis, and Lactobacillus plantarum. Five strains of these species were selected through acid and bile tolerance tests, and their coaggregation, autoaggregation, hydrophobicity, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities were then evaluated. As a result, it is thought that L. brevis GS1022, which has excellent digestive fluid resistance, and P. inopinatus GS316, which has excellent cohesiveness, may be useful as probiotic strains.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.151-162
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• 2002

Objective Many literature-based researches and clinical studies have been thus far reported of wha-byuong in Oriental medicine but acupunctural approaches to it have been little executed, which motivated this study to be conducted through acupunctural treatment. For that purpose, this study carried out incessant treatment on wha-byuong-having outpatients of this hospital who were suffering from gunhwa of wha in the saam acupuncture in order to inquire into the features of wha-byuong represented recently, and thereupon this got some intellect and knowledge out of clinical cases, which led this study to report them. Methodology Two wha-byuong outpatients were taken as subjects for this study who visited this hospital from January 10, 2002 through May 20, 2002. As for the contents of treatment and the administration of medicine, acupuncture utilized size $30{\times}50mm$ needles and the performance of treatment depended upon yuchim for 20 to 40 minutes at one time by means of simseunggyok (eumgok, sohae bo, taebaek, sinmun sa) on both right and left sides of the outpatients. As the case may be, sobu, baekhoi, and pungji were used at the same time. Bosa of simseunegyok took youngsu bosa. In order to evaluate treatment, symptoms were classified with diagrams into physical symptoms, dorgan symptoms, urinogenital organs symptoms, dermatological symptoms, cardiopulmonary symptoms, musculoskeletal symptoms, somnipathy symptoms, caput and sensual organ symptoms, psychomotor activity symptoms, and other symptoms, and then signs and marks were given to indicate the most objective values according to symptoms of the patients perceived in different sessions both prior and posterior to treatment. Conclusion As a result of having conducted treatment on two outpatients who visited this hospital for their wha-byuong from January 10, 2002 through May 20, 2002, conclusions were obtained, as follows: 1. Treatment depended very largely upon simseunggyok of the saam acupuncture, and as the case may be, baekhoi, pungji and sobu were utilized at the same time. 2. Much more effects were produced only when the patients had got rid of the causes of wha-byuong they had. Furthermore, the perceived seriousness of the symptoms presented had not been improved, regardless of their wha-byuong, 3. The main symptoms complained by the patients such as sangyeolgam, anxieties, impatience, hungmin, difficulty in breathing, cardiopalmus, insomnia, digestive troubles, etc. showed for the most part conspicuous therapeutical effects upon the symptoms of wha-byuong. In particular, a high degree of improvement was represented from melancholia and pyrexia.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.973-977
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• 2013

These studies were attempted to investigate the change of microbial community of anode of microbial fuel cell using swine wastewater in the enrichment step with the lapse of time. Microbial fuel cells enriched by a 1 : 1 mixture of anaerobic digestive juices of the sewage treatment plant and livestock wastewater. Enrichment culture step was divided into three stages to indentify the microorganisms. It was separated by each lag phase, exponential phase, and stationary phase. These steps were determined by the change of the current value. The current after enrichment was generated about $0.84{\pm}0.06mA$. We were cut out the different 17 bands in the DGGE fingerprint gel to do sequencing. The bands which the concentration was increasing or newly appearing with the lapse of time were included for this study. In the lag and exponential phase, Clostridium, Rhodocyclaceae, Bacteriodetes, and Uncultured bacterium etc. were detected. There were in the stationary phase Geobacter sp., Rhodocyclaceae, Candidatus, Nitrospira, Flavobactriaceae and uncultured bacterium etc. Geobactor among microorganisms detected in this study is known as the Electrochemically active microorganisms. It may include electrochemically active microorganisms to be considered as electrical activity microorganisms.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.323-326
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• 2006

Suaeda (S.) asparagoides $M_{IQ}$, one of the halophyte groups, has been used as a folk remedy for digestive disturbances in Korea. However, its pharmacological activity on gastrointestinal motility has not been reported yet. In this study, the effects of this halophyte extracts with various solvent fractions (ethanol, hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water) on mice ileal spontaneous motility was examined. All solvent fractions at the concentration of $100{\mu}g/ml$ showed inhibitory actions on spontaneous motility of ileum with the potency order of water > 70% ethanol > hexane ${\gg}$ chloroform ${\geq}$ butanol ${\geq}$ ethyl acetate, respectively. In addition, the water fraction of extracts from S. asparagoides $M_{IQ}$ (WFSA) dose-dependently ($1-100{\mu}g/ml$) inhibited the amplitude of spontaneous phasic contraction and area under the contractile curve (AUC). The inhibitory effect of water fraction at the concentration of $10{\mu}g/ml$ was not affected by tetrodotoxin (TTX), $Na^+$ channel blocker ($1{\mu}M$), and $N^w$-nitro-L-arginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME), nitric oxide synthase inhibitor ($100{\mu}M$). However, cyclopiazonic acid (CPA, $10{\mu}M$), inhibitor of sarcoplasmic reticulum $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase, almost blocked the inhibitory effects of WFSA ($10{\mu}g/ml$) on the spontaneous phasic contraction of mouse ileum. But, CPA did not inhibit the lowering basal tone effects of WFSA. The result of this study showed that various extracts of S. asparagoides $M_{IQ}$ induce inhibitory effects on spontaneous contraction of mice ileal segments. More over, the polar solvent fractions were shown to be more potent than non-polar solvent fractions. The effects of S. asparagoides $M_{IQ}$ extracts are not mediated by nerve or nitric oxide. The inhibitory effects of WFSA at least partially mediated by sarcoplasmic reticulum $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase. However, further study is required to determine the exact pharmacological mechanisms of this halophyte on its gastrointestinal motility inhibitory effects.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.218-223
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• 2006

The present study evaluated effect of egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) from the hen immunized with Edwardsiella tarda. The purification of anti-E. tarda IgY was performed by polyethylene glycol (PEG). Purified IgY had heavy chain of 64 kDa and light chain of 27 kDa size. The IgY was instable against olive flounders digestive factors and artificially modulated pH 2 and 3. Nevertheless, some activity of IgY appeared in intestine. IgY was orally administered with viable E. tarda to the olive flounders and the efficacy of protection against E. tarda infection was evaluated. Orally administered IgY at a dose of 20 mg/fish delayed infection period of E. tarda cannulated at $10^{6{\sim}8}CFU/fish$ to small size (30~40 g) and middle size (110~120 g) flounder. Moreover, orally administered IgY at dose of 20 mg/fish inhibited the penetration of E. tarda cannulated at $10^8CFU/fish$ into the liver, kidney, spleen and gill via intestine. The fish orally administered with IgY showed increased survival rate. These results suggest that egg yolk containing anti-E. tarda IgY is effective in preventing edwardsiellosis.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.179-184
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• 2002

Induction of cytochrome P45O (CYP) and 7-etholqresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) in the microsome exposed to 3-methylcholan-throne (MC), $\beta$-naphthoflavone (BNF) and phenobarbital-Na (PB) was investigated, Microsome was isolated from digestive gland of clam (Coelomactra antiquata) and then exposed to each chemical in concentration range of 0.1 to 1.0 mM for 7 hours. The CYP content and EROD activity in the microsome exposed to each chemical significantly increased compared to the control group. The overall CYP and EROD induction potency was in order of MC>BNF>PB. The induction response of EROD was two times higher than that of CYP level in the microsome exposed to MC, but the induction response of EROD was slightly higher than that of CYP level in BNF and PB exposure groups.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.1600-1607
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• 2012

The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family plays essential roles in physiological processes such as embryonic development, angiogenesis, wound healing, and tissue homeostasis as a consequence of MMPr capacity for breaking down many types of extracellular matrix proteins. Imbalanced regulation of MMP expression can also lead to pathological conditions such as tumor progression. We recently reported that the Drosophila Mmp1 gene is highly expressed in the digestive tract and is required for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis such as by restriction of uncontrolled intestinal stem cell proliferation. However, the regulatory mechanisms of MMP gene expression in the intestine remain unclear. In this study, we determined that the expression of Mmp1 is regulated by the homeodomain transcription factor Caudal. Experiments using the targeted expression of Caudal under the regulation of Gal4-UAS system indicated that endogenous Caudal is required for the Mmp1 gene expression in the adult Drosophila intestine and that exogenous Caudal induces Mmp1 expression. Transient transfection experiments indicated that Caudal can activate the promoter activity of Mmp1 and that several putative Caudal binding sites in the 5'-flanking region of the Mmp1 gene may be critical to the upregulation by Caudal. Our data suggest that Mmp1 is one of the target genes of Caudal in physiological normal condition and in tumorigenesis.