• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.389-397
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• 2019

리소좀(lysosome)은 진핵세포에서 에너지 대사 및 세포 내 소화 작용에 관여하는 세포 소기관으로 protease, nuclease, glycosidase, lipase, phosphatase 들이 다수 존재한다. 우리는 선행 연구결과들을 통해 난백 리소좀의 멜라닌 색소 탈색능을 보고하였다[8]. 그러나 B16F10 melanocyte 세포주에서 난백 리소좀에 의한 멜라닌 함량 변화 및 피부장벽 조절 연구는 거의 보고되지 않았다. 따라서 우리는 계란 난백(egg white)으로부터 추출한 lysosome-related organelle extract (LOE)에 의한 세포 내 멜라닌 함량 변화 및 피부장벽 강화 효과를 규명하고자 하였다. 먼저 LOE의 미백 효능을 확인하기 위해 B16F10 세포주를 이용하여 세포독성 평가를 진행하였다. B16F10 세포주에서 LOE에 의한 세포독성은 0에서 20 mg/mL 농도에서 관찰되지 않았으나, 40 mg/mL 부터 세포독성이 관찰되어 이후 모든 실험에서 최대 농도값을 20 mg/mL로 설정하였다. 먼저 LOE를 이용한 melanin contents assay 결과, 음성 대조군인 α-MSH 처리군 대비 LOE 처리군 5, 10, 20 mg/mL 농도에서 61.5 ± 4.0%, 61.4 ± 7.3%, 58.3 ± 8.3%로 세포 내 멜라닌 함량이 감소되는 것을 확인하였고, 20 mg/mL 농도 조건에서 MITF 발현 억제도 관찰하였다. LOE의 피부 장벽에 미치는 영향을 관찰하기 위해 각질형성세포주(HaCaT)를 이용하여 TEER (trans-epithelial electrical resistance) assay를 수행한 결과, LOE에 의해 농도 의존적으로 TEER 저항값이 증가하여 LOE가 피부장벽 강화에도 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 피부 염증 유발을 위한 TNF-α 처리조건에서도 LOE는 TEER 저항값을 증가시켜 염증 유발 조건에서도 LOE에 의해 피부장벽이 정상적으로 회복되었음을 알 수 있었다. 마지막으로 cell migration assay를 통해 LOE에 의한 세포이동 촉진 효과를 관찰한 결과, LOE는 세포분열 및 세포이동을 촉진시켰다. 위 결과들을 통해 LOE는 미백 기능 뿐 아니라 피부재생 및 피부장벽 강화에도 효과를 나타내는 소재이며, 효소안정화 및 제형화 기술이 접목된다면 향후 새로운 미백 기능성 화장품 소재로도 개발될 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.1455-1468
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the objectives and contents of basic medical sciences at department of nursing in college of nursing, and junior college of nursing, thus ultimately providing the basic data to standardize the curriculum of the basic medical sciences in nursing education. Seventy eight professors who were in charge of teaching basic medical sciences to at 22 colleges of nursing/ department of nursing, and 20 junior colleges of nursing responded to the questionnaires that consisted of the questions regarding objectives and contents, of basic medical sciences. Based on the description of objectives, the description related to nursing, nurse, nursing science was cathegorized as on objective applicable to nursing science, the description related to medicine or clinical medicine as medical model, the description without description related to medicine was cathegorized as knowledge acquisition. The number of schools corresponding to each category were summerized in descending order. The objectives of basic medical sciences were categorized by concepts and number of schools corresponding to the categorized concept. The findings of the study are as follows ; 1. The subjects of basic medical science identified were physiology, anatomy, biochemistry, pathology, microbiology, and pharmacology in most colleges of nursing and junior colleges. Two colleges of nursing/department of nursing (9.1%) and 19 junior colleges of nursing(95%) did not offer biochemistry, 1 college of nursing /department of nursing(5%) did not offer pathology & pharmacology. 2 junior colleges of nursing (10%) did not offer pharmacology, 1 junior college of nursing(5%) did not offer pathology. The other 1 junior college of nursing did not offer microbiology. 2. Objectives of physiology were to acquire knowledge and understanding on human function in both 6 (50%) colleges and 5 junior colleges. Objectives of anatomy were to acquire knowledge on human structure in both 4 (57%) colleges and 2 (50%) junior colleges; knowledge applicable to nursing sciences in both 3 (42.8%) colleges and 2 (50%) junior colleges. Objectives of biochemistry was to obtain knowledge and understanding on biochemistry, and understanding of basic concepts about biochemistry. Objectives of pathology were to obtain knowledge and understanding on pathology in both 4 (57.1%) colleges and 5(62.5%) junior colleges. Objectives of microbiology were to acquire knowledge and understanding on microbiology in both 5(83.8%) colleges and 6(85.7%) junior colleges. Objectives of pharmacology were to acquire knowledge on pharmacology in both 7(100%) colleges and 8(100%) junior colleges. 3. Contents of physiology in 19 (100%) schools were membrane transport, digestion, circulation, nervous system and respiration. In 16(84.2%) were kidney and muscle, that in 13(68.4%) were endocrine physiology. In 11(57.9%) were introduction and that in 9(47.4%) were structure and function of cells. Contents of anatomy in 11(100%) schools were skeletal system, muscle system, digestive system, circulatory system, concepts regarding human structure. In 10(90.9%) schools were endocrine system and nervous system, and in 5(45.5%) schools were blood, urinary system and cell. Contents of biochemistry in 6(100%) schools were history of biochemistry, body regulating factor, bioenergy, health and nutrition, nutrition of cell, energy production system. In 5(83.3%) schools were metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and enzyme, and in 3(50%) schools were metabolism of energy and fat. Contents of microbiology in 13(100%) schools were environment and influenc of bacteria, virus, G(-) rods, purulent cocci, G(+) rods. In 10 (76.9%) were immunity, diphtheria, enterobacteria, and in 9(69.2%) were spirochete, rickettsia and clamydia, and that in 6(46.2%) were sterilization and disinfection. Contents of pathology in 14(100%) schools were cell injury and adaptation, inflammation, respiratory diseases, circulatory diseases. In 10(71.4%) were neurological disorders, in 8(57.1%) were immunity and disease, and in 7 (50%) were tumor and progressive changes. Contents of pharmacology in 15(100%) were cardivascular drugs, introduction to pharmacology, hypnotics, analgesics, local anesthetics, an ticonvulsants. In 12(80%) were drugs activity on sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, and in 11(73%) were sulfa drugs, antibiotics, drug abuse and addiction.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.133-144
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• 1986

This study was undertaken to assess the effect of ginseng administration on T lymphocyte induced local xenogenic graft-versus-host(GVM) reactions which were induced with thymocyte, spleen cell and lymph node cell of ICR mice. Mice received daily 10mg of 70% alcohol ginseng extract oral1y for 100days and control mice remained untreated for the same period of time. The cells from donor mice were injected intradermally into the closely shaven abdominal skin of Sprague-Dawley rats for GVH tests. The thymocyte from control(ginseng-untreated) mice showed a negative local GVH reaction, whereas thymocyte from experimental(ginseng-treated) mice showed a positive reaction with the rate of 17.4%. When spleen cells were injected, the incidence of positive local GVH reaction was 66.7% among ginseng-treated mice, as opposed to incidence of 45.5% of positive local GVH reaction among control mice. The incidence of positive local GVH reaction of the lymph node cells when injected into a recipient was 71.4% among ginseng-treated mice as compared with that of 18.9% among control mice. The relationship between spleen cell inoculum and intensity of the local GVH reaction was assessed in ginseng-untreated mice. The intensity of GVH reaction clearly appears to be dose related. In ginseng-treated mice, a minimum of $1{\times}10^7$ spleen cell was required for production of positive local GVH reaction with almost linear relationship up to an inoculum of $5{\times}10^8$ cells. In control mice, however, a minimum of $1{\times}10^8$ spleen cells was required for positive GVH reaction. These results strongly suggest that the ginseng administration augments significantly the local xenogenic GVH reaction which was used to assess T lymphocyte function and immunocompetence of mice and in addition to this, these results appear to support previous suggestions that the local GVH reaction consitutes a qualitative test of the functional activity of T lymphocytes. These results may be the first to induce local GVH reaction, employing rats as recipient and mice as donor. This study was also desingned to investigate some of the effects of ginseng extract on lymphocyte-macrophage interactions. This was accomplished by in vitro quantification of 1) migratory inhibitory factor(MIF) synthetic capacity of splenic lymphocytes in mice previously primed with ginseng 2) MIF responsiveness of mouse peritoneal macrophages or chicken peripheral leucocytes under the presence of ginseng extract 3) migration ability of chicken peripheral leucocytes by direct stimulation of ginseng extract or ginseng saponin and 4) immunosuppressive effects of immunosuppressants such as cyclophosphamide, cyclosporin A or dexamethasone. Mice divided equally into the ginseng and the saline groups, which received intraperitoneally daily 0.2ml of ginseng absolute alcohol-extract(5mg/ml) and same amount of saline for 15 days, respectively. The cellular immune responsiveness of these mice was assayed 15 days after ginseng pretreatment. Splenic lymphocytes of mice treated with ginseng, when stimulated with sensitized specific-antigen such as sheep red blood cells or toxoplasmin, or with polyclonal activator concanavalin A, produced significantly more MIF than those of control saline group. MIF responsiveness of normal mouse macrophages was significantly augmented when assayed under the presence of ginseng extract (1mg/ml). The migratory ability of normal chicken leucocytes in the absence of MIF was significantly decreased by the stimulation of ginseng extract alone. MIF response was significantly decreased by immunosuppressants and this impaired response was not restored by ginseng pretreatment. This study was additionally performed to evaluate the effect of ginseng on the expulsion of adult Trichinella spiralis in mice. ICR mice were infected experimentally by esophageal incubation of 300 T. spiralis infective muscle larvae prepared by acid-pepsin digestion of infected mice. and received oral administration of 70% alcohol ginseng extract(10mg/mouse/day) for the indicated days plus 4 days before infection. At various times after infection, the number of adult T. spiralis worms in small intestines was determined. Interestingly, ginseng-treatment was accompanied by accelerated expulson of T. spiralis. These results led to the conclusion that Panax ginseng caused some enhancing effect on GVH reaction, macrophage migration inhibition reaction and expulsion of T. spiralis. In addition these results suggested that the mechanisms responsible for this enhancement of ginseng may be chiefly or partially due to nonspecific stimulation of cell-mediated immune response.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.453-489
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• 1995

The research of the phrases related with physiology of stomach and spleen in the contents of Huang Di Nei Jing(黃帝內經) known as the Bible of oriental medicine will make a contribution to a deep understanding of disease of stomach and spleen and a proper clinical diagnosis and treatment of them. In this research of the most appropriate glosses recorded nine kinds of representative medical books including Huang Di Nei Jing Somoon(黃帝內經素問) of Wang Bing(王氷) were picked out: The summaries of the selected contents are as follows: 1. The word 'saliva(涎)' in 'the spleen controls saliva(脾爲涎)' can be viewed as a generic term referring to oral cavity secretion gland as well as the secretion fluid of salivary gland. 2. The phases 'a large reservoir(太倉)', barn organs', 'a reserboir of food stuff', 'a stomach as the market(胃爲之市)', etc mean the function of stomach to receive food(胃主受納). 3. The phase 'generation of five tastes(五味出焉)' means both 'the function of stomach to transform food into chyme(胃主腐熟)' and 'the channelling function of spleen.(脾主運化)' 4. The flowing of the food-Qi(食氣) into stomach brings about spreading Jung(精) into liver and then percolating Jung(精) flow into channel. The channel-Qi(脈氣) flows into lung through channel. As a result, all kinds of channels gather together in lung and Jung(精) is sent into skin and hair. The assembly of Jung(精) with skins and channels moves Qi(氣) into fu-organ and so jung(精) and mental activity(神明) in fu-organ(府) come to be in four organs(四臟). Then if Qi(氣) comes back to power balance unit(權衡) being in the state of equilibrium(權衡以平), the hole of Qi(氣口) comes to determine the matter of life and death through achieving Chun-quan-chi(-寸-關-尺). The above mentioned phrases means the digestion, asorption and transmission of food. When food is taken in stomach, Jung-Qi(精氣) comes to be over flowed upward into spleen, back into lung, finally downward into bladders through water-conduit(水道) controlled by lung. When water- Jung(水精) radiates into whole body with channels of five organs(五臟), both of them fit together with and yin-yang(陰-陽). Therefore, the grasping of the rise and decline of yin-yang(陰C-陽) is necessary to consult patients. The above mentioned phrases is properly viewed to designate the asorption, transmission and excretion of food. 5. Spleen controls flesh(脾之合肉也), the state of spleen is known by human lips, and what this means is that liver plays functions of spread and expansion(肝主疏泄). 6. The phrase 'Jung Jung'((中精)) in 'gallbladder dominates Jung jung(膽主中精)', which in one of the specific expression of 'liver plays functions of spread and expansion(肝主疏泄). 7. It is right that the phase 'The eleven organs in all are determined by gallbladder'(凡十,一臟取決於膽也) is correctly paraphrased as 'only one of ten organs, spleen, is determined by gallbladder'.(凡十,一臟取決於膽也), 8. The small intestine is an organ. which receives the materials digested and sends them out. This means that the function of transforming materials(化物) factually refers to that of separating clearity and blur(泌別淸濁). And it is also thought to have the function of ascending clearity and descending blur(升淸降濁), 9. A large intestine is a transmitting organ(傳導之官) from which a change comes out(變化出焉). the phrase 'change'(變化) in this sentence means both the intake of water and nutrition and the formation procedure of stool through excretion of mucocele.

• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.69-79
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• 2011

본 연구는 한약재 부산물을 조사료 대체 사료원으로서 사용하였을 때 발효기간에 따른 in vitro 발효 특성을 조사하고자 수행되었다. 처리구는 대조구 (control), 한약재 부산물 20%와 볏짚 80% (T1), 한약재 부산물 40%와 볏짚 60% (T2), 한약재 부산물 50%와 볏짚 50% (T3), 그리고 한약재 부산물 100%와 볏짚 0% (T4)이었으며 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 및 72h 동안 처리당 3반복으로 in vitro 발효실험을 실시하였다. 가스 발생량과 건물소화율은 시간이 지남에 따라, 그리고 한약재 부산물의 양이 많아짐에 따라서 증가하는 경향이었으며, 특히 72시간에 T4가 가장 높았다 (P<0.05). 메탄 발생량 또한 비슷한 결과로서 시간이 경과하고 한약재 부산물의 양이 많아짐에 따라 지속적으로 증가하였다 (P<0.05). pH는 5.39~6.80의 범위로 첨가량이 높아질 수록 유의적으로 낮아졌다 (P<0.05). 미생물 성장량은 발효 후 시간이 경과함에 따라서 점차적으로 증가하였고, 첨가구가 control 보다 높았다 (P<0.05). CMCase, Xylanase 및 amylase 효소 활력은 처리구별 특정한 패턴이나 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 본 실험의 결과는 한약재 부산물이 가스발생량, 미생물성장량 및 건물소화율을 높이고 pH를 감소시키는 등의 효과를 주어 반추위 발효의 안정화 및 향상을 꾀할 수 있고, 효소 활력을 높임으로써 사료의 이용효율을 향상시킬 수 있다는 가능성을 보여 주었다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.234-241
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• 2019

효모와 곤충 간의 집중적인 상호 작용은 곤충의 먹이에 대한 유인과 발달 및 행동에 대한 관련성을 보였다. 곤충 내장에서 분리된 효모는 먹이의 소화를 돕는 셀룰라아제(셀룰로오스 분해)를 분비한다. 한국의 경기도에서 수집한 메뚜기의 장에서 셀룰로오스를 분해하는 효모 세 균주를 분리 하였다. 효모 균주의 cellulase 활성을 확인하기 위해, 카르복시 메틸 셀룰로즈(CMC)를 함유하는 배지로 플레이트상의 투명한 영역을 요오드 용액을 사용하여 관찰하였다. 효모 $ON22^T$, $G10^T$ 및 $G15^T$ 균주는 CMC-플레이트 분석에서 양성 셀룰로오스 활성을 나타냈다. Large subunit rDNA 유전자와 Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 영역의 D1/D2 영역의 서열 분석에 기초한 계통수를 통해 $ON22^T$와 $G10^T$ 균주가 Moesziomyces aphidis JCM 10318 (D1/D2 영역에서 각 100%와 99.8%, ITS 영역에서 각 98.4% 및 99.5% 서열유사성)와 가장 가깝고 G15는 Moesziomyces antarcticus JCM $10317^T$ 종 (D1/D2 영역에서 100%, ITS에서 100% 서열 유사성)에 속한다는 것을 밝혔다. 셀룰라아제는 바이오 에탄올 생산과 같은 바이오 연료와 같은 다양한 산업 공정에서 사용되고 있다. 따라서, 셀룰로오스 분해 미생물의 분리 및 연구는 중요성을 갖게 되었다. 이 논문은 한국의 Moesziomyces 속의 셀룰로오스 분해 효모 균주인 $ON22^T$, $G10^T$, $G15^T$에 대한 첫 번째 보고이다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.362-368
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• 2018

메뚜기는 광합성으로 고정된 탄소의 소화에서 중요한 역할을 한다. 장내 미생물 군의 도움으로, 메뚜기는 셀룰로오스 및 헤미셀룰로오스와 같은 잎의 성분을 분해할 수 있다. 본 연구는 한국의 기도에서 수집한 메뚜기 껍질에서 추출한 셀룰로오스 분해 효모 균주를 조사하기 위해 이루어졌다. 효모 균주 중 ON2와 ON17 (두 균주)과 ON6 (한 균주)는 CMC-플레이트 분석에서 셀룰로오스 활성을 보였다. Large subunit rDNA의 D1/D2영역의 서열과 internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 영역의 분석 결과, ON2와 ON17 균주가 Papiliotrema aspenensis CBS $13867^T$와 가장 밀접하게 관련되어 있었고(D1/D2 영역의 서열 유사성은 100% ITS에서 99.4%의 서열 유사성) ON6 균주는 Saitozyma flava와 관련된(D1/D2영역에서 100%, ITS에서 99.0%) 밀접하게 관련이 있었다. 이 세 가지 효모 균주는 모두 셀룰로오스를 분해할 수 있으므로 공생하는 효모들은 탄수화물 분해를 위한 효소를 자체적으로 생산하고 당 단당체를 휘발성 지방산으로 전환시킬 수 있다. Tremellomycetes에 속하는 공생 효모 균주인 ON2, ON17 (Papilioterma 속)과 ON6 (Saitozyma속)은 한국에는 보고되지 않은 균주이다.