• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.81-97
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to examine what people in Korea recognize the cultural symbolism and the planting patterns of 'Guǐmok', pagoda tree(Sophora japonica). The species planted in the 'Guǐjeong' was empirically investigated and analyzed to determine which species of pagoda tree or Zelkova tree(Zelkova serrata) was taken through literature surveys, field surveys, and interviews with persons. This 'Guǐjeong' was combined to track how the culture of the 'Guǐmok' planting introduced in China was ultimately accepted and transformed in Korea. In this study, we tried to analyze the meaning implicit in the mystery while checking the distribution of the mystery and the form of the mystery, the name of the pavilion and its relevance to the contrast medium. Essentially, the trees that govern the characterization of the nectar plant, regardless of the region, are considered to be a pagoda tree, which is considered an internal factor in which the pagoda tree culture was not completely transformed into a zelkova tree. It was recognized throughout the Joseon Dynasty that the species representing 'Prime ministers(三公)' was judged from all the Joseon Dynasty periods, based on the builder of Guǐjeong's Aho(雅號) and Dangho(堂號). It was confirmed that the tree was very likely to be planted in place of the painting tree. But now is selectively zelkova tree is in accordance with the preparation of planting site conditions and areas on behalf of the Change is very high probability that is planted. Cultural variables that led to the cultural transformation of the 'Guǐmok' seem to have been deeply involved in the geographical space of China and Korea, Confucian practices of the Choson society, comings and goings and letter bridge, and network strength with China through the book spread. In addition, the culture of 'Guǐmok' is presumed to have led to cultural custom of the upper class, not the whole class, in the Yeongnam region, it can be said that the independent adaptation to act to recognize 'Guǐmok' as a pagoda tree, that is a Sophora japonica, has occurred very strongly. The difference between the cultural areas of Yeongnam and non-Yeongnam is also considered to be an internal factor that has played a major role in the cultural transformation of planting of 'Guǐmok'.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.335-347
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• 1997

Vitamin D is known to exert its action by activating DNA and RBA within target cells to produce proteins and enzymes that can be used in bone resorption process. Particularly, the active form of vitmain D, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol $[1,25-(OH)_2D_3]$, is considered to be one of the most potent stimulators of osteoclatic acitivity in vitro. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$ on the avtivity of periodotal ligament cells and, the experimental tooth movement. Human periodontal ligament cells were collected from the first premolar tooth extracted for the orthodontic treatment, and were incubated in the environment of $37^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$ and 95% humidity. Microtitration(MIT) assay was done at 10, 25, 50 and 100ng/ml of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$. 21 Sprague-Daft rats were divided into a control gmup(3), and experimental groups(18) where 100g of force from helical spring was applied across the maxillary incisors 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$ was injected into periodontal ligament at the mesial or distal surface of maxillary incisors so that we can compare the control side and the experimental side. Expreimental groups were sac rifled at 12, 24, 36, 48, 72hours and 7 days after force application, respectively. And the obtained tissues were evaluated histologically. The observed results were as follows. 1. The activity of periodontal ligament cells in l0ng/ml or 25ng/ml of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$ 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$ was not significantly different to the control at the cultivation of 1, 2 and 3 days. 2. The activity of periodontal ligament cells was significantly increased at 3 days in 50 ng/ml of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$ and 2, 3 days in 100g/ml of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$. 3. Up to 7 days after force application, there was no difference in osteoblastic activity, tearing of periodontal ligament and proliferation of capillary at tension side between 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$ injection side and the control side. 4. The osteoclastic activity and the resorption of alveolar bone was greater in 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$ injection side than the control side at 36 hours after force application.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to analyze the controversial points in the concepts of materials in the science textbook of middle school and to provide alternatives of teaching method. For this study, units in connected textbooks were analyzed and the teaching method using ball-and-stick models was developed. The subjects were 130 second graders from a middle school in Seoul, Korea. It aimed to compare the effectiveness of using ball-and-stick models for lesson with the one of traditional lessons, in learning concepts concerning materials by cognitive levels and to investigate the difference of scientific concept formation about concepts concerning materials by their cognitive levels between experimental group and control group by using concept formation questionnaires. Before the instructions, a short-version GALT was administered. After instructions, the posttest of concepts and attitude test connected with science subject were administered, and 10 months later, the posttest of concepts was administered to analyze the long-term memory effects. According to the results, the experimental group using the ball-and-stick models had significantly higher scores at conceptual understanding and long-term memory effects than the control group and improved the attitude relevant to science subject, and also had affirmative effects in attitude for science and science work. When analyzing the results according to the cognitive level, the long-term memory effects was high in the concrete operational stage students. From the results of this study, middle school students that are more concrete operational stage and transitional stage than formal operational stage elevates interesting in studying by using ball-and-stick models and making material form concretely. It would be effective in helping the students develope the correct concepts by connecting real world as materials and the particle world as atom.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.231-238
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• 2005

Objectives : This study was done to figure out the incidence of Korean adolescents with gender identity problem and homosexual tendency. Self esteem and sexual liberality were also checked to evaluate the relation with these problems. Method : Subjects were 1,748 adolescents (359 middle school boys, 452 middle school girls, 483 high school boys, and 454 high school girls). DSM-IV-TR gender identity disorder criteria, Kinsey's sexual orientation scale, Hudson's short form sexual liberality scale, and Halter's Self-perception profile for children were applied to them. Result : 1) $15\%$ of the middle school boys, $16.7\%$ of the high school boys, $39.4\%$ of the middle school girls, and $40.5\%$ high school girls showed gender identity problem. Incidence of mild problem was more frequent in girls, however severe problem that suggested gender identity disorder was more frequent in boys, especially in high school boys. 2) Gender identity problem group showed lower self esteem than no problem group, especially in the middle school boys (p=0.033) and high school girls (p=0.020). 3) $17\%$ of the middle school boys, $5.4\%$ of the high school boys, $17.7\%$ of the middle school girls, and $12\%$ of the high school girls showed homosexual tendency. The order of more vivid homosexual orientation incidence was as follows ; $3.3\%$ in the middle school girls, $3.1\%$ in the middle school boys, $2.1\%$ in the high school girls, and $1.7\%$ in the high school boys. 4) There was no difference in the score of sexual liberality according to homosexual tendency. In high school girl, self esteem score was lower in homosexual tendency group than that of heterosexual group (p=0.039). 5) Gender identity problem group showed higher incidence of homosexual tendency than that of gender identity formation group (p=0.001). 6) The incidence of sexual identity problem was not changed by age, but homosexual tendency was decreased with age, especially in boys. Conclusion : Adolescents with gender identity problem or homosexual tendency showed low self esteem. Therefore, more attention on systemic evaluation for early detection in school based mental health and psychiatric management for them are needed.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.252-261
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• 2000

Objectivity：This study was conducted to examine the depression, self-concept, perception of stress & coping strategy in children with chronic physical illness. Methods：Two groups of participants were recruited for this study, 13 children with chronic illness in outpatient or inpatient treatment at Seoul National University Children's Hospital, and 13 nonpatient children. They were assessed using Korean form of the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale (PHSCS), Kovacs' Children's Depression Inventory(CDI) and three subscaleds('color how you feel' 'color how others make you feel' 'A children in the rain' of Children's Self-Report and Projective Inventory(CSRPI). Result：There were significant differences between the chronic ill children and the healthy children in scores of depression and self-concept. The chronicity ill children were more depressive and had very negative self-concept, and obtained significantly lower scores than the healthy children in the subscales of PHSCS, 'intellectual/school status' and 'popularity' Among three scales of CSRPI, there was no difference in 'color how you feel' and 'color how others make you feel' But there were significant differences in all items of 'A child in the rain'(quantity of raining, duration of raining, tool, and effectiveness). 'Duration of raining' correlated most negatively with PHSCS scores, and correlated positively with CDI scores. Conclusion：The children with chronic illness are more depressive and have very negative selfconcept. And they feel that the stresses are more permanent, but have no appropriate coping strategy. The results suggest that the chronic illness strongly affects the psychological and emotional adjustment of children(i.e. depression, peer relation, stress coping strategy).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 1977

The following results were obtained in this work intended for getting more informations on features of phosphorus in Korean characteristic virgin, upland and paddy soils for knowing the ways how to evaluate the soil phosphorus availability and utilize fertilizers efficiently. 1. A large part of soil phosphorus is occupied by inorganic phosphorus in the soils of which the cultivated soils showed higher accumulation of applied phosphorus as inorganic forms than the uncultivated soils. The accumulation of organic phosphorus was indicated the highest in the paddy soils, and the lowest in the uncultivated soils. Than the cultuivated soil, the uncultivated soils have higher C/P ratio which was estimated to be related to soil fertility status essentially. 2. Iron phosphate was shown to be the most dominant form in soil phosphorus. Difference in parent rocks, from which the soils were originated, was shown to affect the carious distribution of phosphorus forms in the uncultivated soils to a large extent. The paddy soils have almost same distribution pattern of soil phosphorus forms regardless of different parent rocks. 3. The different methods for available phosphorus estimation extracted different amounts of phosphorus from the soils. Close relations between the available phosphours extracted with the different methods and the amounts of seil inorganic phosphorus were shown : e.g. between Fe-P and available-P by Olsen method. 4. Phosphorus absorption coefficient correlated negatively to soil inorganic phosphorus, and also to available phosphorus extracted with the several methods.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.69-80
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• 1975

Relationships between yield and various nitrogen efficiencies, between efficiencies and between efficiency and nitrogen uptake amount of rice plant were proposed and tested using data from N.P.K simple trials about 30 to 50 locations, for three years. Established relationships are well in accordance with experimental results by showing highly significant correlations between them. The overall indications are that high yielding capacity of fields with fertilizer application, depends primarily on high fertilizer nitrogen uptake by increasing fertilizer use efficiency (Eu), secondly the efficiency (Ef) of absorbed fertilizer nitrogen (Nf) and fertilization efficiency (Fe) and also depends much on nitrogen efficiency for grain yield (E) to great extend and that the efficiency (Es) of soil nitrogen (Ns) contributes to E more than Ef does. All nitrogen efficiencies are negatively correlated with the uptake amount of corresponding nitrogen and counterpart efficiency. Es and Ef could be determined firstly by difference method and secondly E versus Cs (Cs=Ns/Ns+Nf) plotting and thirdly E-Cs plotting with labelled fertilizermethod using the equation E=Es Cs+B where B=Ef Cf but a constant under the given condition and at last Y-Ns plotting with labelled fertilizer using Eq Y=$Es{\cdot}Ns+B$ where B=$Ef{\cdot}Nf$. Es which seems not much variable from field to field is mostly greater (about 80% of tested fields) than Ef which is much variable and depends much on fertilizer form. The relationships tested and well agreed are as follows: 1. Y=$Es{\cdot}Ns+Ef{\cdot}Nf$ (Y is yield) 2. E=$Es{\cdot}Cs+Ef{\cdot}Cf$ where Cf=Nf/Nf+Ns 3. E=b-aN where E=E, Es or Ef and N=N, Ns or Nf respectively, (E=Y/N, N=Nf+Ns), b is theoretical maximum under the given system and a is tangent at N=O of the curve, Y=EN. 4. Fe=Ef Eu and Se=$Es{\cdot}Eu$ where Se is efficiency of soil available nitrogen. 5. E=$(Se{\cdot}Cs+Fe{\cdot}Cf)/Eu$ 6. Y=$Es{\cdot}Eu{\cdot}Sf+Ef{\cdot}Eu{\cdot}Fn$or Y=$Es{\cdot}Eu{\cdot}Ea{\cdot}Sn+Ef{\cdot}Eu{\cdot}Fn $where Sf=$Ea{\cdot}Sn$, Ea is soil available nitrogen equivalent to fertilizer(Sf) divided by total soil nitrogen (Sn).

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.167-173
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• 2005

Background : Airborne particles during Yellow Sand phenomena are known to be associated with the respiratory disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the concentration and metal component properties of Yellow Sand particles and compare with airborne microbial concentration and species in non Yellow Sand and Yellow Sand phenomena. Methods : Samplings were carried out in 2002 in Seosan, during non Yellow Sand and Yellow Sand phenomena. Samples were taken using the 8-stage Cascade impactor and metallic elements were analyzed by XRF. Those were culture on the media for bacterial and fungal culture and celline for virus. Results : The concentration of total suspended particulate matter were respectively $80.2{\mu}g/m^3$, $40.3{\mu}g/m^3$ in non Yellow Sand and Yellow Sand phenomena. The concentration of metallic elements such as Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn in Yellow Sand phenomena were higher than its in non Yellow Sand. Two bacteria, Bacillus species and Staphylococcus were grown in two periods. In both periods, several fungal spores(Mucor species, Cladosporum, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Alternaria species) were identified. The differences of bacteria and fungus species not observed in Yellow Sand and non Yellow Sand. Any viruses were not isolated in between both periods. Conclusions : The concentration of total suspended particulate matter and some metallic elements in Yellow Sand phenomena were higher than its in non Yellow Sand. The difference of bacteria and fungus species was not observed in non Yellow Sand and Yellow Sand phenomena.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.2 s.73
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• pp.239-249
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• 1999

In orthognathic surgery to obtain proper functional and esthetic form after skeletal discrepancy treatment, precise diagnosis and treatment plan are essential. Especially in two jaw surgeries that have serious upper and lower jaw problems, maxilla and mandible are arranged in three dimensions. Based on the maxillary rearrangement, mandibular sagittal and transverse positions are determined, and thus new occlusal plane is established. The object of this study is to evaluate the stability of the indiviual ideal occlusal plane based on the architectural and structural craniofacial analysis of Delaires. The subjects of this study were 48 patients who underwent two jaw surgeries, and they were equally divided into two groups, A and B. A group was operated with ideal occlusal plane and B group was not. Two groups were compared at the preoperative, immediate postoperative (average 4.3days), and long-term postoperative (average 1.3years) lateral cephalometric radiographs. The following results were obtained: 1. ANS was lower than that of PNS for both A and B after the surgery. That is, maxilla and mandible are rotated in posterior and superior direction. 2. Significances were found between $T_2$ and $T_3$ for both A and B are HRP-Me at vortical measurements, articular angle(p<0.01), gonial angle(p<0.01), and Mn. plane angle(p<0.05) at angular measurement. Mn. plane angle is increased at HRP-Me is decreased for both A and B. 3. There is no significance in skeletal stability aster the surgery between group A and B. 4. Horizontal movements of B and Pog by surgery have statistically significant inverse correlations with horizontal relapse of B and Pog, and vertical relapse of PNS, as well as Mn. Plane angle, and gonial angle after the surgery.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.768-781
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• 1996

The problem of care of patients and families with Alzheimer's disease has become a conscious raising social policy issue in Korea. The government of the Republic of Korea has become cognizant of the situation and has begun searching for ways to remedy it. Thus, there is a need for a comprehensive under-standing of the situation in which patients and their families are struggling and the enormous problems of care. With a realization of the urgent need, this study was done to investigate the situation and the care needs of families with patients with Alzheimer's Disease, and to compare the effectiveness of services utilized by the families in terms of cost and effects on patient's conditions and on family live. The Subjects for the study were 29 families with hospitalized patients, 25 families utilizing hospital outpatient clinics, 14 families utilizing day care facilities, and 16 families with homebound patients. A total of 84 families were interviewed by four trained interviewers using structured and semistructured questionnaires. The data produced from these interviews included : the patient's stage of Alzheimer's disease, patient's bizarre behavior, hours spent on patient care per day, family burden and quality of life, direct and indirect costs encountered in the care of patients, and the families' evaluation of the effectiveness of the services received. The data were analyzed to determine the relationships between family charactersistics, patient's conditions and services utilization. The effectiveness of each of the service entities was assessed through families evaluation and hoped for service and comparisons were made between services in terms of the cost-effectiveness ratios. After initial comparison of cost-effectiveness ratios, further analysis was done to compare between groups for incremental effectiveness for each incremental unit of cost to determine the most cost-effective service entities. The findings of the study are as fellows : 1. The choice of living arrangement and the types of services are a function of the stage of Alzheimer's condition and the economic status of the family. 2. Comparision of the cost of care showed that most expenses were encountered in by families with hospitalization, families using outpatient services, and families using day care services in that order. The least expense was involved in the care of homebound patients. The economic burden felt by families was in the same order as expenses. 3. The average number of hours spent on daily patient care was 9.9 hours for the outpatient clinic users, 9.7 hours for homebound patients, and 5.4 hours for day care users. 4. There were significant differences in the patient's conditions (CDRL), bizarre behaviors and the families's burden by living arrangement and /or types of service. However, no significant difference was found between groups in the family's quality of life. 5. The families rated the services of day care center as most effective for the care of the patients and families, except for a few families who had experienced some improvement in the patient's conditions. The outpatient clinic users expressed psychological comforts mainly in that the patient was being taken care of. For those hospitalized patients, families expressed the comfort of being relieved of the burden of care and that the patient is being professionally cared for. Form the analysis of the costs, hours of patient care, patient's bizarre behaviors, family's quality of life and burdens, and family's evaluation of services, it is concluded that up to the mid stage of Alzheimer's condition, the utilization of day care center services is found to be the most cost-effective, and toward the end stage of the Alzheimer's disease, it is hoped that there will be a establishment of long term or short term in-patient facilities for the protection of patients and preservation of the integrity of families for less cost. Thus. it was concluded that the family centered system of care is the most effective for Korea with systematic support systems developed for the care of patients and their families according to the needs of families as the patient's condition deteriorates.