• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.977-985
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• 2003

This study was done to evaluate the health and nutritional status of female college students in Seoul. The subjects were 63 healthy college students aged 20 to 29 years. Their body composition, dietary intakes, clinical blood indices were investigated. Their body composition was determined by means of a multifreqency bioelectrical impedance analysis. Their dietary intake was determined using 3-day record method and their nutrient intake was analyzed by Computer Aided Nutritional analysis program for professional (CAN-pro). Their hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were determined by semi-automated microcell counter (F-520). Their plasma total cholesterol, TG, and HDL-cholesterol levels were measured using test kits. All data were statistically analyzed by SAS PC package program. Their average consumption of calcium, iron vitamin A, vitamin B2 and niacin were 63.3%, 65.0%, 85.2%, 89.2% and 95.2% of RDA, respectively. The overall mean values of the hematological indices in the female college students were within the normal range. However anemic subjects with hemoglobin (< 12 g/dl) and hematocrit (<36%) accounted for about 20% of the subjects. The mean levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and TG were 188.4mg/dl, 69.9mg/dl and 67.4mg/dl, respectively. The percentages of the subjects with plasma total cholesterol level (> 200mg/dl) and LDL-cholesterol (＞130mg/dl) were about 41% and 30.4%, respectively. The data showed a significantly positive correlation between either body fat (%) or BMI and TG. However. there was a significantly negative correlation between either body fat (%) or BMI and HDL-cholesterol. These overall results suggest that it is necessary for college women to be educated regarding consuming more iron and vitamin C and less fat, in order to prevent iron deficiency anemia and/or cardiovascular diseases in later life.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.681-690
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether nutrition counseling could lead to a beneficial outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease(CVD). Fifty CVD patients(23 men and 27 women) participated in a dietary counseling program which was based on serum lipid management. Various markers of disease risk including lifestyles, anthropometric indices, eating behaviors, serum lipids, antioxidants, lipid peroxides were measured before and after the program. The program lasted 3-11 months depending on individuals. Waist/hip ratio decreased after nutrition counseling only in women. Smoking and alcohol drinking status did not change significantly after counseling. Food habit score increased significantly in both men and women(p<0.05), and patients consumed mixed cereal rice, fruits, seaweeds, legumes more frequently and snacks less frequently after nutrition counseling (p<0.05). Although intakes of energy, carbohydrate and vitamin B1 were reduced significantly after nutrition counseling, nutrient densities of calcium and iron of diets have increased significantly after nutrition counseling, and those of other micronutrients were not different Serum total cholesterol decreased significantly in men and LDL cholesterol decreased significantly in women. In women lipid peroxide level decreased and $\alpha$-tocopherol level increased significantly, while there was no significantly change in men. We conclude that well-planned nutrition counseling would reduce risks of cardiovascular disease through improving dietary behavior, lipid profile and antioxidant status.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.265-277
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• 2011

This study was conducted to improve the nutritional status of high school girls via lunch menu intervention. Surveys were carried out twice to evaluate basal status and status after lunch menu intervention. In the first survey nutrient intakes of 24-hour and school lunch were each estimated by 24-hour recall dietary survey and self-recording, respectively. Calcium intake was the lowest among nutrients, and stir-frying was the most preferred cooking method. Five dishes of school lunch menus which were included in the first survey were replaced with recipes containing foods with higher calcium level; anchovy stir-fried with red pepper paste, anchovy stir-fried with almond, pork stir-fried with shredded kelp, crab meat soup, and tteokbokki with cheese. In the second survey calcium intake from school lunch was significantly (p < 0.001) increased from 45.5% to 50.2% of one thirds of recommended intake (RI) after calcium enriched lunch menu intervention. Intakes of vitamin A and E were also significantly increased, whereas those of energy, thiamin, and vitamin C were decreased. Index of nutritional quality values of nutrients of 24-hour intakes (except thiamin, vitamin B6, vitamin C) is increased by intervention; however, those of calcium, folic acid, iron are still very low. Even though this study shows a possibility of improving nutrient intakes of students through school lunch menu intervention, lunch intervention by itself is not enough action to improve nutritional status of micronutrient for adolescents.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.86-96
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of residence types ((1) parent house, (2) dormitory or boarding home, (3) boarding home w/o food) on the dietary habits and health status of college women (20-23 y). Overall, 46.1% of college women reported that they were economically middle class and spent 200,000-390,000 won. Additionally, 17.4% of college women considered themselves healthy, while 33.8% reported that they were not healthy. Furthermore, 32.0% of college women had experience to control their weight and 39.8% reported that they exercised to control their weight. There were no significant differences in the height and weight of the subjects according to residential type, but the amount of skeletal muscles mass ($21.0\;{\pm}\;2.6\;kg$) of the subjects that lived in dormitory or boarding home was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of women who lived at home. Additionally, 30.8% of students that lived in private residences, 25.0% of students that dwelled in dormitory or boarding homes and 27.7% of students that boarding home w/o food had three regular meals every day (p < 0.05). It has been reported that 18.3% of college students eat processed and instant foods due to their convenience. In the present study, intakes of energy, protein, fat, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin $B_6$, niacin, vitamin C, vitamin E and folic acid for the subjects who lived in dormitory or boarding homes was significantly higher than those of students who lived in private residences (p < 0.05). Additionally, intakes of iron, calcium, and zinc were lower in the subjects that boarding home w/o food (p < 0.05). Finally, the blood glucose level was $84.7\;{\pm}\;13.0\;mg/dL$, and differed significantly by residential types (p < 0.05); however, the average glucose levels of all subjects were within the normal range (90-110 mg/dL).

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.207-215
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• 2008

This study was conducted to measure and evaluate the food and nutrient intakes of the people living near the nuclear plant and to investigate the relationship between the household income level and the food and nutrient intake patterns. A total of 552 cases (263 males and 289 females) were surveyed during the period from April 1 to December 21 of 2005. Dietary intake was measured by means of the 24-hour recall method. The data were analyzed using SPSS Windows (ver. 14.0). The household income level of the subjects was classified into two groups : Low income group (LIG; $\leq$2,000,000 won) and high income group (HIG; > 2,000,000). The subjects at large had less energy and nutrient intakes than did the population in town and village who participated in the 2005 National Health and Nutrition Survey. The intake of calcium, zinc, vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin $B_6$, vitamin C, and folic acid was less than the Estimated Average Requirement in case of $50{\sim}95%$ of the subjects. The LIG consumed less beans, vegetables, fruits, meats, and beverages than did the HIG in male, while the LIG consumed less eggs and beverages than did the HIG in female. The LIG consumed less nutrients than did the HIG in male, except for carbohydrate, while the LIG consumed less nutrients including zinc, vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin B6, vitamin C, folic acid than did the HIG in female. In addition, the LIG had higher percentage energy consumption from carbohydrate. These results suggest that higher food and nutrient intake is associated with higher income.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 1979

The consumption of catchup is increasing due to the raising of income level and food industry and westernization of dietary life followed by economic growth. In this paper I picked up three kinds of food produced by two foreign food companies and three kinds of food by two domestic companies. The average results by experimentation on the nutritive ingredients and the standard quality was as follows; A. Nutritve ingredients; 1) Water content a) Domestic 68.3% b) Foreign 69.1% 2) Protein content a) Domestic 2.2 g b) Foreign 2.1 g 3) Fat content a) Domestic 0.1 g b) Foreign 0.1 g 4) Carbohydrate content a) Domestic 25.1 g b) Foreign 24.6 g 5) Mineral content (Ash) a) Domestic 4.4 g b) Foreign 3.9 g 6) Calcium content a) Domestic 33.5 mg b) Foreign 24.2 mg 7) Phosphorus content a) Domestic 16.1 mg b) Foreign 24.2 mg 8) Vitamin C content a) Domestic 14.6mg b) Foreign 16.0 mg B. Standard quality 1) Remains after evaporation a) Domestic 41.7% b) Foreign 38.4% 2) Free mineral acid content a) Domestic none b) Foreign none 3) Tar chromatophore a) Domestic $trace(Acid)^+$ b) Foreign none 4) Heavy metalic $elements^*$ 5) Sodium chloride content a) Domestic 3.3% b) Foreign 3.3% 6) pH level a) Domestic 3.83 b) Foreign 3.76 + The tar chromatophore elements could not be accurately measured by chromatography. * The heavy metalic elements were both under safety levels in the domestic and foreign products.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.423-433
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• 2009

Folate and vitamin $B_{12}$ are essential cofactors for homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism. Homocysteinemia has been related with cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease. We examined the effect of folate and/or vitamin $B_{12}$ deficiency on biomarkers of one carbon metabolism in blood, liver and brain, and analyzed the correlation between vitamin biomarkers in mild and moderate homocysteinemia. In this study, Sprague-Dawley male rats (5 groups, n = 10) were fed folatesufficient diet (FS), folate-deficient diet (FD) with 0 or 3 g homocystine (FSH and FDH), and folate-/vitamin $B_{12}$-deficient diet with 3 g homocystine (FDHCD) for 8 weeks. The FDH diet induced mild homocysteinemia (plasma Hcy 17.41 ${\pm}$ 1.94 nmol/mL) and the FDHCD diet induced moderate homocysteinemia (plasma Hcy 44.13 ${\pm}$ 2.65 nmol/mL), respectively. Although liver and brain folate levels were significantly lower compared with those values of rats fed FS or FSH (p < 0.001, p < 0.01 respectively), there were no significant differences in folate levels in liver and brain among the rats fed FD, FDH and FDHCD diet. However, rats fed FDHCD showed higher plasma folate levels (126.5 ${\pm}$ 9.6 nmol/L) compared with rats fed FD and FDH (21.1 ${\pm}$ 1.4 nmol/L, 22.0 ${\pm}$ 2.2 nmol/L)(p < 0.001), which is the feature of "ethyl-folate trap"by vitamin $B_{12}$ deficiency. Plasma Hcy was correlated with hepatic folate (r = -0.641, p < 0.01) but not with plasma folate or brain folate in this experimental condition. However, as we eliminated FDHCD group during correlation test, plasma Hcy was correlated with plasma folate (r = -0.581, p < 0.01), hepatic folate (r = -0.684, p < 0.01) and brain folate (r = -0.321, p < 0.05). Hepatic S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) level was lower in rats fed FD, FDH and FDHCD than in rats fed FS and FSH (p < 0.001, p < 0.001 respectively) and hepatic S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) level was significantly higher in those groups. The SAH level in brain was also significantly increased in rats fed FDHCD (p < 0.05). However, brain SAM level was not affected by folate and/or vitamin $B_{12}$ deficiency. This result suggests that dietary folate- and vitamin B12-deficiency may inhibit methylation in brain by increasing SAH rather than decreasing SAM level, which may be closely associated with impaired cognitive function in nutritional homocysteinemia.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.98-110
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• 2003

This study investigated the nutritional status and the knowledge of the 204 elderly in Young-nam area. Their weight and height were measured and their dietary intake and nutritional knowledge evaluated. The sutjects were 74.7$\pm$5.9 years old in average. The BMIs were in the moderate range. Weights and BMI decreased significantly with age. The dietary assessment data showed that each energy intake of the males and the females was 90.9% and 97.0% compared with the Korean RDA, respectively. The dietary intake of vitamin A, calcium and iron was lower than that of the Korean RDA. The fiber intake of the subjects was 7.4g~7.8g. The MAR of vitamin $_{B2}$ was the lowest, 0.66 and that of phosphorus was the highest, 0.99. According to the nutritional knowledge level, the intake of protein, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$and iron in the excellent group was significantly higher than that in the poor group. The correlation analysis revealed that the score of nutritional knowledge was positively associated with BMI, MAR and protein intake, while negatively with age.e.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.949-958
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• 2008

This study was carried out to examine the association of age, nutrient intake, alcohol drinking and smoking on serum lipid and apolipoprotein levels in 100 healthy adults (54 males and 46 females). The serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (p<0.05), apolipoprotein B (Apo B) levels, LDL-C:high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio, Apo B:apolipoprotein(Apo A-I) ratio and atherogenic index (AI) (p<0.001) were significantly higher in males than females, but HDL-cholesterol level was significantly lower (p<0.01) in males than females. The plasma ascorbic acid concentration had no difference in both genders. Most of nutrient intakes except Ca, vitamin A and vitamin $B_2$ were higher than RI (Recommended intake) in both males and females. The meal frequency per day was significantly higher (p<0.01) in males than females, while meal speed, the heaviest meal, meal quantity and meal regularity had no significant differences. The rates of drinking and smoking were significantly higher (p<0.01) in males (59.3%, 37.2%) than females (17.3%, 6.9%). The age was positively correlated with triglyceride level in males (p<0.05), and with total cholesterol (p<0.001), LDL-cholesterol (p<0.001), Apo B (p<0.01), LDL-C:HDL-C ratio (p<0.01), Apo B:Apo A-I ratio (p<0.05) and AI (p<0.01) in females. The levels of serum lipid and apolipoprotein were more correlated with protein intake than other macronutrient intakes in males, while those in females were more correlated energy, carbohydrate and lipid intakes than protein intake. The effect of drinking on serum lipid and apolipoprotein levels was bigger in males than females, while the effect of smoking on those was bigger in females than males. The plasma ascorbic acid concentration was positively correlated with HDL-cholesterol (p<0.05), Apo A-I levels (p<0.001), whereas negatively correlated with Apo B:Apo A-I ratio (p<0.05) in males. And that was positively correlated with HDL-cholesterol (p<0.05) in females. These results suggest that moderate macronutrient intake, less alcohol consumption and non-smoking were necessary to maintain healthy lipid profile with aging in adults.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.385-393
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• 2014

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the effects of egg consumption and suggest proper guidelines for consumption of eggs by determining the relationship between eggs and cholesterol. Methods: Literature review was conducted on the relationship between nutritional, functional properties of eggs and serum cholesterol, as well as cardiovascular disease. Results: Eggs, which are a good protein food with complete amino acid composition, contain vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin $B1_2$, folic acid, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, calcium, iron, choline, selenium, ${\beta}$-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, etc. However the egg yolk has a high cholesterol content, which is associated with chronic diseases, including heart disease and hypertension. As a result, its intake is subject to regulation. Outbreak of heart disease by yolk intake can show different results depending on the characteristics of the subjects, amount of egg intake, and the implications of other foods eaten. It is difficult to determine whether eggs are beneficial, as they are the main supplying source for other major nutritive elements as well. Several research studies insist that when cholesterol intake increases by 100 mg, the level of serum cholesterol increases by 2.2~4.5 mg/dL and when serum cholesterol increases by 1%, the risk of heart disease increases by 2%. This indicates that a large intake of eggs can increase the risk of heart disease. Although the cholesterol of egg yolk and serum cholesterol are correlated, it is insufficient to conclude that only cholesterol and not other components are related to heart disease. In fact, other components in egg such as various unsaturated fatty acids and phospholipids could be related as well. Rather than concluding egg as a 'good' or 'bad' food according to its cholesterol content, it is important to define egg as a part of dietary patterns. Conclusion: Generalizing an indiscriminate and uniform amount of egg intake for all seems inadequate. However, patients with diabetes or heart disease should pay particular attention to the amount of egg intake. As for the norm, eating egg with vegetables as a substitute for other animal products seems beneficial.