• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.185-188
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• 2003

The Dietary Reference Intakes which were developed by the Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences of the United States, and Health Canada provide a good deal of information on nutritional requirements which apply to Korea. In addition, the processes of evidence based review of information on nutrient needs, dietary excess, and the assessment and planning of dietary intakes may be useful in Korea as well as North America. However, other aspects of the Dietary Reference Intakes may not be appropriate. This article discusses these issues.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.48-52
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• 2003

The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI's) are new nutrient intake standards that are being set for the United States and Canada. There are currently four types of DRI's: Estimated Average Requirements (EAR), Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), Adequate Intakes (AI), and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL). The EAR is the nutrient intake that would be adequate for about half the population, while intake at the RDA should be adequate for 97-98% of the population. When the data are insufficient to set an EAR and RDA, then an AI is set. The UL is the highest intake level that does not pose a risk of adverse effects. The EAR, AI, and UL may be used to assess intakes of both individuals and of groups of people. For individuals, the EAR is used to calculate the probability that intake is inadequate, the AI is used to decide if the probability of inadequacy is low, and the UL is used to determine if a risk of excess intake is present. For groups. the EAR is used to estimate the prevalence of inadequacy, the AI is used to decide if the prevalence of inadequacy is low, and the UL is used to estimate the prevalence of excessive intakes. Because this approach to setting and applying nutrient standards is new, research recommendations include improving estimates of risk, improving dietary data, and improving statistical methods.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권7호
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• pp.610-614
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• 2004

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권7호
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• pp.606-609
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• 2004

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.256-262
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the accuracy of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for estimating the energy requirements of older adults, and to develop and validate new equations for predicting the energy requirements of this population group. MATERIALS/METHODS: The study subjects were 25 men and 23 women with a mean age of $72.2{\pm}3.9\;years$ and $70.0{\pm}3.3\;years$, and mean BMI of $24.0{\pm}2.1$ and $23.9{\pm}2.7$, respectively. The total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured by using the doubly labeled water (DLW) method, and used to validate the DRI predictive equations for estimated energy requirements (EER) and to develop new EER predictive equations. These developed equations were cross-validated by using the leave-one-out technique. RESULTS: In men, the DRI equation had a -7.2% bias and accurately predicted the EER (meaning EER values within ${\pm}10%$ of the measured TEE) for 64% of the subjects, whereas our developed equation had a bias of -0.1% and an accuracy rate of 84%. In women, the bias was -6.6% for the DRI equation and 0.2% for our developed equation, and the accuracy rate was 74% and 83%, respectively. The predicted EER was strongly correlated with the measured TEE, for both the DRI equations and our developed equations (Pearson's r = 0.915 and 0.908, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The DRI equations provided an acceptable prediction of EER in older adults and these study results therefore support the use of these equations in this population group. Our developed equations had a better predictive accuracy than the DRI equations, but more studies need to be performed to assess the performance of these new equations when applied to an independent sample of older adults.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.279-288
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• 2017

Objectives: Recommended Menu (RM) prepared according to the Target Pattern expected to meet the dietary reference intake (DRI) of nutrients. Nutritional adequacy of RM in 'DRI for Koreans 2015' were analyzed to verify whether such expectation was fulfilled. Methods: Dishes in RM are categorized by 5 food groups, and number and types of dishes for main meal and between-meals were analyzed. The energy and 12 nutrients (protein, dietary fiber, Ca, P, Fe, Na, K, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C) contents in 10 RMs were calculated using the food composition table (CD) in 'DRI for Koreans'. Energy, energy contribution ratio, and nutrient contents in 10 RMs for 18 age groups were evaluated based on the 'DRI for Koreans 2015'. Results: Number of dishes per meal were 4.83, and representative table setting consisted of cooked rice + soup (or stew) +3 side dishes. Energy contents of RM were 75~109% of estimated energy requirement (EER). None of the RM met the DRI of all 12 nutrients examined. Calcium was the most insufficient nutrient. Only 1-2 years' RM met the DRI, all the other RMs did not meet the calcium DRI. Dietary fiber and potassium contents were also insufficient in most RM. In adult male's RM, only 1 nutrient, i.e. calcium did not meet the DRI, but in female adult's RM, 5~6 nutrients did not meet the DRI. Energy contribution ratio of carbohydrate, protein, and fat in RM were 59.0~70.4%, 15.7~17.5%, 12.1~23.5%, respectively. And 4 RMs out of 10 exceeded the upper limit of acceptable macro-nutrient distribution range (AMDR) of carbohydrate and 3 RMs out of 10 RM were below the lower limit of fat AMDR. Contribution ratio of nutrients were ${\geq}40%$ by food groups were as follows: grain group in energy and carbohydrate; meat fish egg legume group in fat, protein, and niacin; vegetables group in dietary fiber, vitamin A, and vitamin C; milk dairy products group in calcium. Conclusions: RM prepared according to the Target Pattern did not meet nutritional adequacy as expected. Especially calcium, potassium, and dietary fiber contents are needed to be increased in many RMs. Further, energy content in RM needs to be adjusted for fat sugar food group assigned in Target Pattern and condiment.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.211-226
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• 2022

콜린은 세포막의 구조적 완전성, 메틸 대사, 아세틸콜린과 같은 신경전달물질 합성, 세포막 (인지질, phospholipids) 투과 신호전달, 지질 및 콜레스테롤 운반과 대사 등에 있어서 복합적으로 작용하고 있는 중요한 영양 성분이다. 콜린은 체내 합성이 가능하지만 요구량을 만족시키기에 불충분하므로 식사를 통해 섭취해야 한다. 미국/캐나다, 호주/뉴질랜드, 유럽, 중국, 대만 등에서는 콜린 충분섭취량과 상한섭취량이 제정되었으나, 일본은 콜린 데이터베이스가 구축되어 있지 않다는 이유로 콜린 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) 제정을 고려하고 있지 않다. 우리나라에서도 2020년 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRI) 제·개정 연구에서 콜린의 제정 여부를 검토하였으나 여전히 우리나라 식품을 대상으로 한 콜린 데이터베이스 구축 연구나 한국인을 대상으로 한 콜린 섭취량 조사 등의 연구가 전혀 이루어지지 않고 있어서 콜린 섭취기준의 제정은 어려운 것으로 판단하였다. 다만 2020년 DRI 개·제정을 위한 준비 작업의 일환으로 콜린 섭취량과 질병발생 가능성을 검증하기 위해 1949년부터 최근까지 보고된 문헌검색, 평가 및 문헌요약 작업을 통해 차후 콜린 DRI 제정을 위한 근거를 마련한 것은 본 사업의 성과라고 볼 수 있을 것이다. 인간을 대상으로 한 RCT, 코호트연구, 환자-대조군 연구 및 단면적 관찰 연구를 통해 충분한 양 (400-500 mg/day)의 콜린섭취는 간기능 손상 (지방간), 신경관손상, 심혈관질환 및 유방암 예방의 효과 및 인지기능 개선과 관계가 있는 것으로 판단되는 반면, 높은 수준의 콜린 섭취가 오히려 전립선암과 상관관계가 있다는 부정적인 연구결과도 있었다. 현재로서는 콜린 섭취와 건강결과와의 상관성을 결론짓기에는 연구결과들이 일관성이 부족하고 매우 제한적이고 더욱이 한국인을 대상으로 한 콜린 섭취와 건강결과와의 관련성을 조사한 논문은 전무한 실정이므로 콜린 DRI 제정을 위해서는 한국인을 대상으로 한 충분한 임상실험 결과가 뒷받침되어야 할 것이다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.771-784
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to estimate the relationships between dietary factors and the stress perception levels of College students. A survey was conducted in June, 2010, targeting 332 college students in Gwangju. General environmental factors, stress perception levels, dietary behaviors, and dietary action guide performance of the subjects were evaluated by questionnaire, and food intakes was determined by the 24-hour recall method. The results are summarized as follows.: The score of frequency experiencing was $45.1{\pm}16.9$ for male students, and $47.0{\pm}16.7$ for female students. The importance scores were $50.8{\pm}18.5$ for males, and $53.3{\pm}18.7$ for females. The total score for dietary action guide performance was $39.6{\pm}7.2$ for males and $40.6{\pm}6.5$ for females. Nutrient intake levels were evaluated based on dietary reference intake (DRI), revealing energy intakes to be 68.5% EER in males and 73.9% in females. The mean intakes of nutrient were 54.2% RI for calcium, 73.6% RI for riboflavin, and 51.2% RI for vitamin C but 203.6% AI for sodium, which indicates an imbalance in nutrient intake. Analysis of the correlations between stress perception levels and dietary factors, scholarship achievements, financial problems, future problems, value senses, and family relationships revealed significant correlations with general environment factors, dietary behaviors, Dietary action guide performance, and nutrient intakes (p<0.05). The higher the stress perception levels of the students, the higher the energy, coffee and alcohol intake, which predicts that appropriate stress control in college students will lead to better dietary habits. It is expected that the results above will be used as basic data for the development of proper nutrition education programs and stress control strategies.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.77-88
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• 2017

2015 한국인 영양소 섭취기준에 제시된 18개의 연령군별 권장식사패턴을 대상으로 영양 적정성을 분석하였다. 권장식사패턴의 식품군별 배정 횟수와 대표영양가표를 활용하여 에너지 함량과 에너지분율의 적정성 여부를 조사하였고, 단백질, 식이섬유, 무기질(Ca, P, Fe, Na, K), 비타민(비타민 A, 티아민, 리보플라빈, 니아신, 비타민 C)의 12가지 영양소에 대하여 영양소 섭취기준 충족 여부를 확인하였다. 조사 대상 12가지 영양소 모두 영양소 섭취기준을 충족시키는 권장식사패턴(MAR=1.0)은 5개뿐으로, 모든 권장식사패턴이 식사구성안의 영양 기대 목표를 만족시키지는 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 권장식사패턴 18개 모두에서 영양소 섭취기준을 충족시켰던 영양소로 단백질과 나트륨이 있었으며, 식이섬유, 칼슘, 칼륨은 미 충족 권장식사패턴이 각각 15개, 10개, 9개나 되었다. 비타민 A의 경우 영양소 섭취기준의 단위는 RAE이고 대표영양가표의 단위는 RE로 되어 있다. 단위의 차이를 무시한 채 비교하였을 때는 18개 권장식사패턴 모두가 비타민 A 권장섭취량을 충족시키는 것으로 조사되었으나, 권장식사패턴의 RE 단위 함량을 RAE 단위 함량으로 환산하여 비교하는 경우 3개 권장식사패턴만이 권장섭취량을 충족시키는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 여성 노인의 권장식사패턴은 MAR이 0.90으로 가장 낮았으며, 영양소 섭취기준을 충족시키지 못하는 영양소가 7가지나 있는 것으로 확인되어 조정이 필요하다. 단백질, 지방, 탄수화물의 에너지분율은 각각 16.04%, 24.35%, 60.91%로 에너지적정비율을 충족시키고 있었다. 권장식사패턴의 에너지 증감을 최소한으로 하면서 영양소 섭취기준에 미달하는 식이섬유, 칼슘, 칼륨, 비타민 A 함량을 증가시킬 수 있는 방안으로 채소군의 배정 횟수 증가가 바람직할 것으로 나타났고, 단백질의 과잉 섭취를 억제하는 방안으로 고기 생선 달걀 콩류군의 배정 횟수 감소도 일부 권장식사패턴의 경우 고려해 볼 필요성이 있다. 그리고 양념의 사용은 식단 구성 시 배제하고 있는데, 권장식사패턴에서 양념의 사용에 따른 에너지 배정이 적정 수준으로 확보될 수 있도록 고려하여야겠다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권sup1호
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• pp.70-88
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• 2022

Sodium is a physiologically essential nutrient, but excessive intake is linked to the increased risk of various chronic diseases, particularly cardiovascular. It is, therefore, necessary to accomplish an evidence-based approach and establish the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes (KDRIs) index, to identify both the nutritional adequacy and health effects of sodium. This review presents the rationale for and the process of revising the KDRIs for sodium and, more importantly, establishing the sodium Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake (CDRR) level, which is a new specific set of values for chronic disease risk reduction. To establish the 2020 KDRIs for dietary sodium, the committee conducted a systematic literature review of the intake-response relationships between the selected indicators for sodium levels and human chronic diseases. In this review, 43 studies published from January 2014 to December 2018, using databases of PubMed and Web of Science, were finally included for evaluating the risk of bias and strength of evidence (SoE). We determined that SoE of the relationship between dietary sodium and cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular disease, and hypertension, was moderate to strong. However, due to insufficient scientific evidence, we were unable to establish the estimated average requirement and the recommended nutrient intake for dietary sodium. Therefore, the adequate intake of sodium for adults was established to be 1,500 mg/day, whereas the CDRR for dietary sodium was established at 2,300 mg/day for adults. Intake goal for dietary sodium established in the 2015 KDRIs instead of the tolerable upper intake level was not presented in the 2020 KDRIs. For the next revision of the KDRIs, there is a requirement to pursue further studies on nutritional adequacy and toxicity of dietary sodium, and their associations with chronic disease endpoint in the Korean population.