• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.24 no.6
• /
• pp.887-891
• /
• 1995

Nutrient intake data collected by both dietary methods of the 24 hour recall method and the food frequency method from 538 middle school students were analysed to investigate any measurement errors occuring while using these methods. Measurement errors were observed both in terms of differences of average intake and consistancy from the two sources of data used. Wilcoxon signed ranks test was used to test the differences between the two average intakes and Speraman's rank order correlation coefficient was used to test consistancy. As a result, average intake value estimated from the food frequency method tended to be higher than that from the 24 hour recall method. The degree of overestimation varies from one nutrient to another. For instance, carotene showed not only the most significant differences in average intake but also showed the most incoisistancies between the two sets of data. This may imply the validity of nutrient intake as derived from different dietary survey methods varied from one nutrient to another, therefore the selection of dietary survey methods has to be made more cautiously in the case of certainnutrients.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.65-76
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a nutrition education and personalized lunch service program in a senior welfare center. A total of 30 elderly (14 males, 16 females) aged 62~89 years participated in this study. Nutrition education lessons (2 hour/lesson/week) were provided for 4 weeks. Also, ten weeks from week 3rd to week 12th, personalized lunch providing 1/3 personal needed energy was served 5 times for a week. After the nutrition intervention program, we compared anthropometric characteristics, blood biochemical characteristics, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and dietary intake using 24 hr recall with those before the intervention. The body weight (p < 0.001) and body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.001) were decreased. There were significant increases in score of nutrition knowledge (p < 0.01) and consumption of milk & milk products for snacks. There was a positive effect on fasting blood sugar (FBS) showing significant decreases in portion of impaired fasting glucose and diabetes mellitus (p < 0.05). Also, serum triglyceride (TG) was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). In evaluation of nutrient intake by Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs), riboflavin (p < 0.01), vitamin C (p < 0.001), calcium (p < 0.05) were positively improved. The index of nutritional quality (INQ) and intakes of vitamin C (p < 0.001), riboflavin (p < 0.05), Ca (p < 0.01) and Fe (p < 0.05) were increased. In conclusion, this nutrition education and lunch service program providing 1/3 personal needed energy can be used to develop and implement a tailored nutritional intervention programs in the setting of a community senior welfare center to improve health and nutritional status of Korean elderly.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.48-61
• /
• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Magnesium is an essential nutrient for human health. However, inadequate intake is commonly reported worldwide. Along with reduced consumption of vegetables and fruits and increased consumption of refined or processed foods, inadequate magnesium intake is increasingly reported as a serious problem. This study aimed to assess magnesium intake, its dietary sources, and the adequacy of magnesium intake in Korean populations. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Data was obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016-2019 and included individuals aged ≥1 yr who had participated in a nutrition survey (n=28,418). Dietary intake was assessed by 24-h recall, and dietary magnesium intake was estimated using a newly established magnesium database. Diet adequacy was evaluated by comparing dietary intake with the estimated average requirement (EAR) suggested in the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes 2020. RESULTS: The mean dietary magnesium intake of Koreans aged ≥1 yr was 300.4 mg/d, which was equivalent to 119.8% of the EAR. The prevalence of individuals whose magnesium intake met the EAR was 56.8%. Inadequate intake was observed more in females, adolescents and young adults aged 12-29 yrs, elders aged ≥65 yrs, and individuals with low income. About four-fifths of the daily magnesium came from plant-based foods, and the major food groups contributing to magnesium intake were grains (28.3%), vegetables (17.6%), and meats (8.4%). The top 5 individual foods that contributed to magnesium intake were rice, Baechu (Korean cabbage) kimchi, tofu, pork, and milk. However, the contribution of plant foods and individual contributing food items differed slightly by sex and age groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that the mean dietary magnesium intake among Koreans was above the recommended intake, whereas nearly one in 2 Koreans had inadequate magnesium intake. To better understand the status of magnesium intake, further research is required, which includes the intake of dietary supplements.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.35 no.5
• /
• pp.493-502
• /
• 2020

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary vitamin B intake on biomarkers related to lipid metabolism, inflammation and blood glucose control, that are important in the development of type 2 diabetes and its complications. Seventy-six adults (42 males, 34 females) were recruited from a group of diabetes patients who had visited the medical center for treatment. Data on anthropometric characteristics and dietary intake of thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B₆ and folate were collected using 24-hour diet recall and the CAN Pro 4.0 program. Also, data on clinical indices such as serum lipids, blood pressure, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and homeostasis model assessment 2-insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) were collected and analyzed for correlation with dietary vitamin B intake. Results from the dietary intake survey showed that riboflavin and folate intake (in males) and folate intake (in females) were below the Dietary Reference Intake for Koreans. Statistical analysis revealed a negative correlation between hs-CRP and dietary intake of B vitamins. Riboflavin intake was inversely associated with systolic blood pressure after adjustments for age, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, ingestion of diabetes mellitus medication and energy intake (p<0.05). Our results suggest that dietary vitamin B may influence inflammation and consequently may help in better management of type 2 diabetes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.55 no.1
• /
• pp.21-35
• /
• 2022

The recommended meal composition allows the general people to organize meals using the number of intakes of foods from each of six food groups (grains, meat·fish·eggs·beans, vegetables, fruits, milk·dairy products and oils·sugars) to meet Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) without calculating complex nutritional values. Through an integrated analysis of data from the 6th to 7th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2013-2018), representative foods for each food group were selected, and the amounts of representative foods per person were derived based on energy. Based on the EER by age and gender from the KDRIs, a total of 12 kinds of diets were suggested by differentiating meal compositions by age (aged 1-2, 3-5, 6-11, 12-18, 19-64, 65-74 and ≥ 75 years) and gender. The 2020 Food Balance Wheel included the 6th food group of oils and sugars to raise public awareness and avoid confusion in the practical utilization of the model by industries or individuals in reducing the consistent increasing intakes of oils and sugars. To promote the everyday use of the Food Balance Wheel and recommended meal compositions among the general public, the poster of the Food Balance Wheel was created in five languages (Korean, English, Japanese, Vietnamese and Chinese) along with card news. A survey was conducted to provide a basis for categorizing nutritional problems by life cycles and developing customized web-based messages to the public. Based on survey results two types of card news were produced for the general public and youth. Additionally, the educational program was developed through a series of processes, such as prioritization of educational topics, setting educational goals for each stage, creation of a detailed educational system chart and teaching-learning plans for the development of educational materials and media.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.279-288
• /
• 2017

Objectives: Recommended Menu (RM) prepared according to the Target Pattern expected to meet the dietary reference intake (DRI) of nutrients. Nutritional adequacy of RM in 'DRI for Koreans 2015' were analyzed to verify whether such expectation was fulfilled. Methods: Dishes in RM are categorized by 5 food groups, and number and types of dishes for main meal and between-meals were analyzed. The energy and 12 nutrients (protein, dietary fiber, Ca, P, Fe, Na, K, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C) contents in 10 RMs were calculated using the food composition table (CD) in 'DRI for Koreans'. Energy, energy contribution ratio, and nutrient contents in 10 RMs for 18 age groups were evaluated based on the 'DRI for Koreans 2015'. Results: Number of dishes per meal were 4.83, and representative table setting consisted of cooked rice + soup (or stew) +3 side dishes. Energy contents of RM were 75~109% of estimated energy requirement (EER). None of the RM met the DRI of all 12 nutrients examined. Calcium was the most insufficient nutrient. Only 1-2 years' RM met the DRI, all the other RMs did not meet the calcium DRI. Dietary fiber and potassium contents were also insufficient in most RM. In adult male's RM, only 1 nutrient, i.e. calcium did not meet the DRI, but in female adult's RM, 5~6 nutrients did not meet the DRI. Energy contribution ratio of carbohydrate, protein, and fat in RM were 59.0~70.4%, 15.7~17.5%, 12.1~23.5%, respectively. And 4 RMs out of 10 exceeded the upper limit of acceptable macro-nutrient distribution range (AMDR) of carbohydrate and 3 RMs out of 10 RM were below the lower limit of fat AMDR. Contribution ratio of nutrients were ${\geq}40%$ by food groups were as follows: grain group in energy and carbohydrate; meat fish egg legume group in fat, protein, and niacin; vegetables group in dietary fiber, vitamin A, and vitamin C; milk dairy products group in calcium. Conclusions: RM prepared according to the Target Pattern did not meet nutritional adequacy as expected. Especially calcium, potassium, and dietary fiber contents are needed to be increased in many RMs. Further, energy content in RM needs to be adjusted for fat sugar food group assigned in Target Pattern and condiment.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.327-339
• /
• 2009

It is known that Korean pregnant women take iron supplements at a higher than the recommended level. This study was designed to provide data on current iron intake levels both from food sources and supplement to better guide iron supplement use during pregnancy. We also explored associations of iron supplement intake levels with various sociocultural factors and pregnancy outcomes. Dietary intakes of 510 pregnant women were assessed by a validated 102-item food frequency questionnaire, and information on types and amounts of nutritional supplement intakes were also attained. While dietary intake levels of most nutrients exceeded the KDRIs (Korea Dietary Reference Intakes: EAR: Estimated Average Requirements), folate fell short of the KDRIs. A total of 428 women (83.9%) reported to take iron supplement. The pregnant women were divided into the three groups (group I: Fe supplement intake ${\le}$ EAR, group II: EAR < Fe supplement intake ${\le}$ 3 times of EAR, group III: 3 times of EAR < Fe supplement intake). The mean dietary intake of iron was 24% of the total iron intake for pregnant women. Iron intake from food was not significantly different among I, II, and III. In case of iron intake from supplements, the most frequent dose (34.1%) was 90-100 mg/day, and the mean iron supplement intake was 362% of the EAR. The study findings showed that those with higher levels of iron supplements had better meal quality measured by NAR (Nutrient Adequacy Ratio) and INQ (Index of Nutrient Quality). In addition iron supplement intake levels were significantly related to age (20s: 66.5 ${\pm}$ 38.6 mg/day, 30s: 77.3 ${\pm}$ 47.8 mg/day, p < 0.0116) and experience of childbirth (1st pregnancy: 70.9 ${\pm}$ 41.2 mg/day, 2nd pregnancy: 64.5 ${\pm}$ 39.5 mg/day, ${\ge}$ 3rd pregnancy: 94.4 ${\pm}$ 63.8 mg/day, p < 0.005). However, no significant difference was found between iron supplement intake levels and various pregnancy outcomes including birth weight, birth height, gestational age, weight gain during pregnancy, and jaundice. It is worrisome that iron intake by supplement use greatly exceeded the EAR, suggesting the need of appropriate guidelines for iron supplement intake during pregnancy. Thus iron overdose from supplements in pregnancy should be considered as a serious condition.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.341-351
• /
• 2018

Objectives: Use of dietary supplements containing vitamins and minerals is growing in Korean adults, especially in pregnant and lactating women. Vitamin and mineral supplements are available in different composition and in a wide range of contents. The purposes of the study were to examine nutrient composition and content of vitamin and mineral supplements for pregnant and lactating women and assess their appropriateness as dietary supplements. Methods: Information on the name, manufacturer, nutrient composition, and usage of vitamin and mineral supplements for pregnant and lactating women were obtained from the homepage of the Food Safety Information Portal managed by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, and Korean Index of Medical Specialties. A total of 264 products were identified. Results: Among 264 products, 26.1% were single nutrient products, and 73.9% were multinutrient products. The most commonly included nutrient was iron (70.1%), folic acid (66.3%), vitamin $B_{12}$ (45.8%), vitamin C (38.6%), and vitamin $B_6$ (38.6%). Although more than 50% of products contained nutrients less than 150% of Recommended Nutrient Intakes or Adequate Intakes for daily use, some products contained inappropriately high amounts of nutrients. When a maximum daily dose of supplements was taken as described on the label, iron in 73 products (39.5%), folic acid in 14 products (8.0%) were likely to be consumed in amounts greater than Tolerable Upper Intake Levels. Most products were assessed as inappropriate for pregnant women due to the possibility of excessive intake of vitamins or minerals when compared with Dietary Reference Intakes. Conclusions: Pregnant and lactating women need to carefully select dietary supplements containing adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals. Nutritionists should provide guidelines regarding selection of appropriate vitamin and mineral supplements for pregnant and lactating women.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.283-296
• /
• 2012

As a disease that reduces quality of life, functional dyspepsia (FD) is associated with foods that may worsen its symptoms or cause it. The purpose of this study was to examine the nutritional status and dietary behaviors of FD patients. We investigated food intake, food intake frequency, and dietary habits of 45 FD subjects according to the Rome III Diagnosis Criteria. Average age and body mass index (BMI) were 47.7 years and $22.6kg/m^2$ (males: $23.4kg/m^2$, females: $22.1kg/m^2$), respectively. Average energy intake was 77% of Korean Dietary Reference Intake (KDRI), and it was less than that of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES). Other nutrient intake levels were similar to the KNHANES. Energy intake proportion of carbohydrates : protein : fat was 56 : 18 : 26, and the ratio of fat intake was higher than that of the KNHANES. Beans, laver, tomato, and yogurt were consumed very frequently. In the results of meal regularity, dietary behaviors and composition of diet were relatively good. It is likely that the patient controlled their diet by eating cautiously and by reducing alcohol drinking and smoking. Our results indicate that FD patients' nutritional status by consumption of nutrients was at a level of normal healthy people and that dietary habits were better than normal adults. However, their fat intake levels were somewhat higher than normal people. Therefore, further research is required to identify the relationship between dietary intakes and FD.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.49 no.4
• /
• pp.258-268
• /
• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to estimate dietary vitamin A intake and examine major food sources of vitamin A in Korean adults. Methods: Using data from the 2007~2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a total of 33,069 subjects over 19-years-old were included in this study. We estimated individual daily intakes of retinol, carotenoids such as ${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, and lycopene, and vitamin A by linking food consumption data with the vitamin A database of commonly consumed foods. We compared individual vitamin A intakes with the reference value of Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans. Results: Average dietary vitamin A intakes of study subjects were $864.3{\mu}g$ retinol equivalent/day ($495.7{\mu}g$ retinol activity equivalent/day) in men and $715.0{\mu}g$ retinol equivalent/day ($403.6{\mu}g$ retinol activity equivalent/day) in women. Exactly 42.9% and 70.6% of total subjects consumed less vitamin A than the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) based on retinol equivalent and retinol activity equivalent, respectively. The major food sources of vitamin A were Korean radish leaves, carrot, red pepper, and laver, and the top 20 foods provided about 80% of total vitamin A intake. Conclusion: This study provides basic data for estimation of vitamin A intake in Korean adults. Further research will be needed to analyze the association of insufficient or excess intakes of vitamin A and health problems in the Korean population.