• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.305-309
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• 2015

After four years of cold storage, dimethachlon resistance of two laboratory-induced resistant Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolates SCG7 and LA50 declined by 99.5% and 98.9%, respectively, and cross resistance to iprodione and procymidone also declined dramatically. Along with the decline of fungicide resistance, osmotic sensitivity to sodium chloride and glucose decreased tremendously; mycelial growth rate, sclerotia number and weight per potato dextrose agar (PDA) plate increased on average by 118.6%, 85. 5% and 64.5%, respectively; and virulence to detached leaves of oilseed rape increased by 72.7% on average. Significant negative correlations were detected between dimethachlon resistance levels and mycelial growth rate on PDA (r = -0.980, P = 0.021), and between resistance levels and lesion diameters on detached leaves of oilseed rape plants (r = -0.997, P = 0.002). These results have profound implications for assessing the potential risk for resistance development to dicarboximide fungicides in S. sclerotiorum.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.447-452
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• 2008

Four hundred and sixty six isolates of B. cinerea were obtained from infected leaves, stems and fruits of paprika grown in greenhouses or plastic film houses in Gangwon province, Korea, between August and November in 2006 and 2007. These isolates were classified into five representative phenotypes of resistant (R) and sensitive (S) reactions as SSR, SRR, RSS, RRS and RSR according to the responses of isolates against benzimidazole, dicarboximide and N-phenyl-carbamate fungicide in order. The percentage of five phenotypes were 51.3, 2.4, 35.6, 8.1 and 2.6%, respectively. The SSR phenotype (51.3%) was the most common. Among the nineteen fungicide products evaluated to compare their efficacy against gray mold pathogen on the paprika fruit inoculated with fungal mycelia, the mixture of diethofencarb and carbendazim was the most effective followed by iprodione, boscalid, the mixture of iprodione and thiophanate-methyl, fludioxonil, polyoxin-B, fluazinam, the mixture of tebuconazole and tolyfluanid and procymidone; while in the assay methods inoculated with fungal spores, the mixture of tebuconazole and tolyfluanid was the most effective in controlling gray mold followed by boscalid, fludioxonil, the mixture of diethofencarb and carbendazim and the mixture of pyrimethanil and chlorothalonil.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제7권1_2호
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• pp.1-16
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• 1992

Biologically, MGK-264 (N-octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide) acts as a synergists for insecticides mainly pyrethrins and pyrethroids. It's used extensively in combination with pyrethrin and piperonyl butoxide and also with personal insect repellent and cockroach repellents. But the toxic effect of MGK-264 in mamalians was a relatively little known therefore in this studies it was initiated to examine the toxic effect of MGK -264 in rats. For 5 weeks it administrated daily in each 250 mg and 500 mg of MGK-264 per kg of body weight in rats. 1) The body weight gain and the LYMPH (%) value in blood were observed a slight tendency to reduce in accordance with amount of dose and number treatment time. 2) The content of cytochrome P-450 and activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase were decreased in liver and those were observed some tendency in the kidney as liver but not significant. 3) The liver cholinesterase activity in the both 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg per kg of body weight with treated groups and the liver aniline hydroxylase in 500 mg/kg treated group were gradually decreased from 4 weeks after treated groups. In consequence it would sugested that the toxic effect of MGK-264 was low but in could offer hazard effect in liver and nervers system of rats if it was administrated move dose of MGK-264 and agumented in number of treated time.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.989-998
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• 2010

The titled dye of DBPI gives amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) with maximum at 580 nm upon pumping by nitrogen laser (${\lambda}_{ex}\;=\;337.1\;nm$). The ground state absorption cross section (${\sigma}_A$) and emission cross section (${\sigma}_E$) as well as effective emission cross section(${\sigma}^*_E$) have been determined. The electronic absorption spectra of DBPI were measured in ethanol and tetrahydrofuran at room and low temperature. DBPI displays molecular aggregation in water. The photochemical reactivity of DBPI was also studied in carbon tetrachloride upon irradiation with 525 nm light. The electrochemical investigation of DBPI dye has been carried out using cyclic voltammetry and convolution deconvolution voltammetry combined with digital simulation technique at a platinum electrode in 0.1 mol/L tetrabutyl ammonium perchlorate (TBAP) in two different solvents acetonitrile ($CH_3CN$) and dimethylformamide (DMF). The species were reduced via consumption of two sequential electrons to form radical anion and dianion (EE mechanism). In switching the potential to positive direction, the compound was oxidized by loss of two sequential electrons, which were followed by a fast dimerization and/or aggregation process i.e $EC_{dim1}EC_{dim2}$ mechanism. The electrode reaction pathway and the chemical and electrochemical parameters of the investigated compound were determined using cyclic and convolutive voltammetry. The extracted electrochemical parameters were verified and confirmed via digital simulation method.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.189-195
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• 1998

본 연구는 Group A (Permethrine.Phthalthrine), B(Permethrin.Furamethrine) 및 C(Phthalthrine.Dichlorvos)를 공시 살충제로 하였으며, P.B.O., MGK-264 및 S-421를 협력제로 각각 선택한 후, 그 첨가 비율에 따라 Blattella G.와 Musca D.에 대한 살충효과를 비교 실험하였다. 가정용 살충제로서 유효성을 참작하여 Knock-down rate($KT_{50},\;KT_{90}$)와 누적 Motraility(percent/hrs)를 측정한 결과 공시살충제 A, B, C의 각 군에 협력제를 첨가한 시제품의 경우 살충효과가 크게 증가되었고, 첨가한 협력제 중 P.B.O의 살충효과가 가장 크게 나타났으며, 다음은 S-421>MGK-264의 순 이었다. 첨가비율에 대해서는 3종류의 첨가제모두에서 $1:5{\geq}1:4>1.3$의 순으로 증가하여 살충효과는 협력제의 농도에 따라 비례함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 시간 경과에 따른 Mortaility(percent) 역시 $KT_{50}\;또는\;KT_{90}$과 유사함에 따라 Knock-down rate가 그 효능을 증명해 주었다.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.170-175
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• 2010

우리나라 16개 골프장으로부터 동전마름병균 24균주를 분리하였다. Sclereotiona homoeocarpa 24 균주의 약제 저항성 검정은 지오판수화제(benzimidazole계)와 테부코나졸유제(demethylation inhibitor: DMI), 이프로디온수화제(dicaboximide계)가 첨가된 영양배지 위에서 균사 생장에의해 결정되었다. 시험결과 24 균주 중 이프로디온수화제에 약제 저항성 발생률은 83.3%, 지오판수화제 62.5%, 테부코나졸유제 0%를 나타냈었다. 또한 이프로디온수화제와 지오판수화제 두 약제에 대한 약제 저항성 발생률은 58.3%였다. 지오판수화제와 이프로디온수화제의 살균제 저항성 발생률은 잔디 초종과 병원균 분리장소와 상관이 없었다. 동전마름병 방제를 위한 포장시험에서 프로사이미돈(prcymidone), 보스칼리드(boscalid), 플루퀸코나졸+테부코나졸(fluquinconazole+pyrimethanil)이 크리핑벤트그래스의 동전마름병을 효과적으로 방제하였다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제25권4호통권83호
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• pp.320-329
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• 1997

병든 오이, 토마토, 딸기로부터 분리한 Botrytis cinerea을 Paul(1928)의 형태형(morphological phenotypes) 분류 기준에 따라 포자형, 균핵형, 균사형으로 나눌 때 대부분의 균주는 균핵형으로 나타났다. Benzimidazole 및 dicarboximide계 살균제에 대한 감수성 및 저항성 반응 차이는 형태형과는 무관하였다. 포자의 표면 구조를 주사형 전자현미경으로 관찰한 결과 모두 봉상으로 형태형 간에 차이가 없었다. 형태형 간 병원성을 비교할 때, 균사형의 균주가 가장 병원성이 높았으며, 포자형은 병원성이 다른 형보다 낮게 나타났다. 병원성과 곰팡이의 phenol oxidase, pectin methyl esterases (PME), amylases, cellulases, ureases, glucosidases 및 proteinases 활성과의 관계를 조사하기 위하여 형태형이 다른 선발된 균주들의 효소 활성을 조사한 결과, Phenol oxidase, ${\beta}-glucosidase$는 각 형태형 간에 차이가 없었으나, PME, amylase, cellulase, urease, proteinase의 활성은 각 형태형간에 차이를 나타내어 병원성과 이들 효소 활성의 관련성이 있었다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.149-153
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• 2001

A total of 2109 isolates of Botrytis cinerea were collected from infected plants fo strawberry, tomato, and cucumber in Korea from 1994 to 1996. Based on in virtotests for mycelial growth on potato-dextrose agar containing fungicides, the esolates were classified into six phenotypic groups : SSR, SRR, RSS, RRS, RSR, and RRR, representing sensitivity (S) or resistance (R) to carbendazim, procymidone, and diethofencarb. In that order the isolation frequencies of the SSR, SRR, RSS, RRS, RSR, and RRR phenotypes were 28.7, 1.1, 28.8, 39.4, 1.0, and 0.9%, respectively. Three isolates from each SSR, SRR, RSS, RRS, and RSR and an isolate of RRR phenotype were selected and evaluated for their fitness-related characteristics such as pathogenic aggressiveness, mycelial growth rate, sporulation, and sclerotial formation. Competitive abilities of the SSR, SRR, RSS, RRS, and RSR phenotypes were also compared by inculating mixtures of conidial suspensions of two phenotypes to cucumber plant, and then determining re-isolation frequencies from lesions. In general, significant differences in fitness-related characteristics, except pathogenic aggressiveness, were found not only between but also within phenotype groups. In the competitiveness tests, carbendazim-sinsitive phenotypes (SSR and SRR) were found to be more competitive than the resistant ones (RSS and RSR), whereas, the procymidone-resistant phenotypes (SRR and RRS) appeared to be more competitive than the sensitive ones (SSR, RSS, and RSR). There was no consistent dominance in competitiveness between the diethofencarb-resistant and sensitive phenotypes. The RSR phenotype was the least competitive among the five phenotypes.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제7권
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• pp.77-81
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• 1969

오이덩굴쪼김병에 대한 Carbamisol. NCS, Similuton, Soill, Captan, Difolatan, Grand 및 소석회등의 토양소독효과를 침지법, Zentmyer법, pot 및 포장시험 등으로 시험한 결과 다음과 같다. 1. 침적법에서는 공시된 약제중 소석회를 제외하고는 모두 살균효과가 있었다. 그러나 Zentmyer의 drench법에서는 Grand 유제와 Similuton을 제외하고는 모두 살과균효가 없었다. 2. Pot시험에서는 Grand 유제가 가장 효과적이었고 그 다음이 Similuton 및 oxysporum의 수도 Grand 유제를 처리한 구가 타약제구에 비하여 현저하게 적었다. 3. 포장시험에서의 오이덩굴쪼기병에 대한 약제의 효과는 화합물의 종류에 따라 차이가 있는데, 공시된 살균제중 Grand유제가 가장 효과적이었으며 다음으로 Difolatan이 효과적이었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.210-214
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• 2003

대전시 노은 도매시장에서 채취한 6종의 채소류 중 농약잔류량을 조사한 후 이에 대한 위해성 평가를 실시하였다. 전체 100건의 분석시료 중 농약이 검출된 시료의 비율은 46.0%이었고, 잔류허용기준 초과비율은 6.0% 이었다. 검출비율이 높은 시료는 상추(85.0%), 깻잎(80.0%), 오이(60.0%) 순이었고, 상추 3건, 깻잎 3건이 허용기준을 초과하였다. 살균제는 dicarboximide계, 유기염소계, azole계 농약, 살충제는 유기인계, 합성 pyrethroid계 농약이 많이 검출되었다. 검출빈도가 높은 성분은 procymidone, chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil, cypermethrin, EPN의 순이었다. 위해성을 평가하기 위해서 각 농작물에 대한 농약의 추정 섭취량과 ADI를 비교한 결괴 허용기준을 초과한 깻잎의 bitertanol, triflumizole, iprobenphos가 다른 성분에 비하여 높은 비율을 보였다. 그러나 각 농산물의 식이섭취량이 적어 ADI에 대한 추정섭취량의 비율이 0.46% 이하로 나타나 그 영향이 매우 낮은 것으로 판단되었다.