• 대한간호학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.34-50
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• 1983

The Denver Developmental Screening Test was devised to provide a simple method of evaluating the developmental status of infants and preschool children. To assess the development of Korean children, 667 children (390 boys and 277 girls) between the ages of 2 weeks and 6 years who live in Kwangju city and rural areas in Chonnam were examined according to the DDST. The ages at which 25%, 50%, 75%, and 90% of the children performed each item were calculated for the entire sample. The results of these were compared with the norms of Denver children and other related previous studies in Korea. The development of the boys was also compared with that of the girls, and further the test results of city children and country children were also compared. Girls performed the DDST items in personal-social, fine motor-adaptive and gross motor sectors slightly earlier than boys. In general, however, there were no significant differences in the developmental rate between boys and girls. In all four sectors of the DDST, urban children performed the items significantly earlier than rural children. In comparing Korean children and Denver children, Korean children tended to perform gross motor and personal-social items at a slightly earlier age than Denver children. In the language sector, Denver children tended to perform a little earlier than Korean children. But on the whole there were no significant differences in developmental status between Korean and Denver children. It should be noted that a few items, such as“Uses plurals”, needed to be changed due to the structure of Korean language.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제63권11호
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• pp.438-446
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• 2020

Background: Most developmental screening tools in Korea are adopted from foreign tests. To ensure efficient screening of infants and children in Korea, a nationwide screening tool with high reliability and validity is needed. Purpose: This study aimed to independently develop, standardize, and validate the Korean Developmental Screening Test for Infants and Children (K-DST) for screening infants and children for neurodevelopmental disorders in Korea. Methods: The standardization and validation conducted in 2012-2014 of 3,284 subjects (4-71 months of age) resulted in the first edition of the K-DST. The restandardization and revalidation performed in 2015-2016 of 3.06 million attendees of the National Health Screening Program for Infants and Children resulted in the revised K-DST. We analyzed inter-item consistency and test-retest reliability for the reliability analysis. Regarding the validation of K-DST, we examined the construct validity, sensitivity and specificity, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, and a criterion-related validity analysis. Results: We ultimately selected 8 questions in 6 developmental domains. For most age groups and each domain, internal consistency was 0.73-0.93 and test-retest reliability was 0.77-0.88. The revised K-DST had high discriminatory ability with a sensitivity of 0.833 and specificity of 0.979. The test supported construct validity by distinguishing between normal and neurodevelopmentally delayed groups. The language and cognition domain of the revised K-DST was highly correlated with the K-Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II's Mental Age Quotient (r=0.766, 0.739), while the gross and fine motor domains were highly correlated with Motor Age Quotient (r=0.695, 0.668), respectively. The Verbal Intelligence Quotient of Korean Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence was highly correlated with the K-DST cognition and language domains (r=0.701, 0.770), as was the performance intelligence quotient with the fine motor domain (r=0.700). Conclusion: The K-DST is reliable and valid, suggesting its good potential as an effective screening tool for infants and children with neurodevelopmental disorders in Korea.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.262-270
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• 2019

본 연구는 문화와 언어의 장벽으로 인해 발달장애 발생 위험이 높은 다문화가정의 자녀를 위한 발달장애 조기선별 검사지 디자인 개발을 목적으로 한다. 일반적인 발달장애 조기 선별검사지와 달리 다문화가정을 위한 조기 선별 검사지에 대한 연구는 극히 드물며, 특히 다문화가정의 부모와 관련 사회복지사들이 현장에서 겪는 언어적, 문화적 소통의 한계점을 극복할 수 있는 시도는 전무하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 전문가 세미나를 통하여 기존의 발달장애 조기 선별검사지 현황과 개발의 필요성을 확인하고, 이해관계자를 대상으로 한 설문조사와 인터뷰를 통해 니즈를 파악한 후 인사이트와 디자인 핵심요소를 도출하였다. 이를 통해 다문화가정 부모가 선호하는 일러스트레이션 스타일과 언어권별 음성지원시스템을 포함한 발달장애 조기 선별검사지를 개발하였다. 리플릿 형식의 검사지는 지역의 다문화센터 및 장애인복지센터에서 다문화가정의 영유아 발달장애 조기 선별에 실질적으로 활용될 예정이다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제60권10호
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• pp.312-319
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• 2017

Purpose: To evaluate the usefulness of the Korean Developmental Screening Test (K-DST) for infants and children for developmental delay assessment. Methods: This study was based on retrospective studies of the results of the K-DST, Preschool Receptive-Expressive Language Scale (PRES), Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (SELSI), Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT), electroencephalography, magnetic resonance imaging, and extensive tests conducted in 209 of 1,403 patients, of whom 758 underwent the K-DST at the Korea University Guro Hospital between January 2015 and December 2016 and 645 were referred from local clinics between January 2015 and June 2016. Results: Based on the K-DST results, the male children significantly more frequently required further or follow-up examination than the female children in most test sections, except for gross motor. The male children had notably lower mean scores than the female children. The PRES/SELSI results showed that when more further or follow-up evaluations were required in the K-DST communication section, significantly more problems in language delay or disorder emerged. When further or follow-up evaluation was required in the cognitive section in the CARS/M-CHAT, the possibility of autism increased significantly. A child tended to score low in the CARS test and show autism when further or follow-up evaluation was recommended in the K-DST. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the usefulness of the K-DST as a screening test early in the development of infants and children in Korea. Data of normal control groups should be examined to determine the accuracy of this investigation.

• 아동학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.39-53
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• 2006

The Korean version of the Child Development Inventory (K-CDI) is a developmental screening test for children functioning in the one-six year range. Based on parent-report, the inventory assesses child developmental functioning in the areas of social, self-help, gross motor, fine motor, expressive language, language comprehension, letter and number skills, general development, and various symptoms and behavior problems. Participants were recruited from childcare centers and private groups and finally 1,143 children and their mothers from 4 locations nationwide participated in this study. Through analysis of item response rate of 270 items in 9 areas, new norm was formed. Reliability determined by internal consistency were relatively high (Cronbach ${\alpha}=.95$). Intercorrelations among sub-scales (range: .49-.96) indicated the construct validity, and the correlation between K-CDI and other screening tests supported the concurrent validity.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.700-711
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• 2002

대 상: 영아의 발달 장애를 조기에 발견하여 치료를 하기 위하여는 발달 장애의 가능성이 있는 영아뿐 아니라 모든 영아의 정기 검진에서 발달 선별 검사를 시행하는 것이 바람직하다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 발달 선별에 사용할 수 있고 결과를 점수화 할 수 있는 새로운 발달 선별 검사를 개발하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 1개월에서 4세의 아동에 사용할 수 있는 이화 영아 발달 선별 검사를 개발하고 이를 베일리 영아 발달 검사를 기본검사로 하여 동시에 104명의 영아에 시행하였다. 104명 중 건강한 아동은 94명, 발달 지연을 주소로 내원한 아동은 10명이였다. 이화 발달 선별 검사의 가상 합격선을 80, 85, 90점으로 하여 각각의 점수에서 민감도와 특이도, 예측가를 계산하였다. 결 과 : 이화 영아 발달 선별 검사의 합격선을 90점으로 하는 경우 민감도 83.3%, 특이도 93.5%, 예측가 62.5%로 비교적 안정된 결과를 나타내었다. 결 론 : 발달 선별 검사의 결과를 점수화 하는 데에는 문제가 있을 수 있지만 발달을 진단하기 위해서가 아니라 선별하기 위해서 사용한다면 이러한 위험을 피할 수 있을 것이며 앞으로 더 많은 수의 아동을 상대로 검사를 시행하여 보완할 필요가 있을 것이다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.141-149
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• 2023

Objectives: Most developmental screening tests have been built as parent-performed questionnaires. However, they often do not guide parents on how to answer the questionnaire. This study aimed to develop easily applicable parent guidelines. Methods: We implemented the Delphi procedure with 20 panelists. The development of the initial questionnaire was based on the results of two surveys of parents and experts provided by a policy research report that investigated the item adequacy of the Korean Developmental Screening Test. Round one included 33 items comprising all possible measurements in six categories that were identified as difficult to understand or confusing. Round two merged and modified some items and included 32 items. We defined consensus as a median agreement value of one or less and convergence and stability values of 0.5 or less. The subjective usefulness of the parent guidelines was examined based on their previous test experiences. Results: Consensus was reached after the second round, reflecting the items with the highest level of accuracy in each category. Of the 167 parents who participated in the survey, 113 (67.7%) affirmed the usefulness of the guidelines, while 10 (6.0%) answered that they were not useful. Items that recommended a different scoring strategy in answering the questionnaire from their previous measurements were found to be more useful by the parents. Conclusion: The parent guidelines, composed of five bullet points, drew on the consensus of the experts. Further studies are required to assess whether these guidelines improve the accuracy of screening tests in clinical settings.

• 부모자녀건강학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.177-190
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• 2002

This study were conducted to assess the physical growth and developmental status of infants in orphanage in order to provide an empirical data. The subjects for this study were 104 infants and toddlers who were reared in an orphanage in D Metropolitan city. The instrument used for this study were anthropometric assessment and DDST for normative data of development. Data has been collected from September 1st, 1998 to August 31st, 2000 and were analyzed using SPSS/PC(Version 10.0) with frequency, mean, standard deviation, ANOVA and Chi-square test. The results of this study were as follows; 1. 30.8% of infants in orphanage had abnormal weight, 26.9% had abnormal length, and 22.1% had abnormal head circumference and most of them were distributed below 50 percentile of growth chart. 2. 53.8% of infants in orphanage had normal, 27.9% had qustionable, and 18.3% had abnormal developmental screening test results, especially, 31.5% of infants in orphanage ages 3 to 5 years had abnormal developmental screening test results, according to the Denver Developmental Screening Test(DDST). There was a significant developmental delay noted in the language and fine motor-adaptive sector. 3. It is anticipated that developmental delays would increase in severity by older the mean age of orphanage infants and longer the time being raised in orphanage. It would be concluded that the physical growth and developmental status of orphaned infants were very vulnerable and serious and it is suggested that there needed an effective intervention strategies to promote growth and development of infants in orphanage.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.117-122
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• 2004

The present study was carried out to establish a short-term teratogenicity study for detecting developmental toxic potential induced by gamma radiation in ICR mice. Pregnant mice were exposed at dose levels of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 Gy on gestational day 8.5. All dams were subjected to caesarean section on gestational day 10.5 and their embryos were examined for growth, differentiation, and morphological abnormalities. An increase in the number of resorption was found at 4 Gy in a dose-dependent manner. Dose-dependent decreases in the developmental score of yolk sac circulation and olfactory system at above 1 Gy, in the number of somite pairs and developmental score of allantois, optic system, and maxillary process at above 2 Gy, and in the all growth and developmental parameters examined at 4 Gy were found. Various types of morphological abnormalities were seen at dose levels of 0.5 Gy or greater. Characteristic malformations induced by gamma radiation were abnormal axial rotation, hematoma, craniofacial hypoplasia, open neuropore, shortened prosencephalon, kinked somites, irregular somites, swelling, hydropericardium, absent branchial bar, and absent limb bud. Morphological alterations such as hematoma, craniofacial hypoplasia, open neuropore, and kinked somites were noted even in the lowest dose (0.5 Gy). These results indicated that the short-term teratogenicity study established in this study can be a useful tool for not only detecting the developmental toxic potential induced by gamma radiation, but also screening radio-protective agents in ICR mice.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.47-54
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• 2020

발달장애는 영유아 기부터 시작하는 뇌 신경계 발달장애들의 집합으로 언어 및 의사소통, 인지력, 사회성 등의 측면에서 이루어져야 할 발달이 심하게 지체되거나 성취되지 않은 장애를 의미한다. 이러한 발달장애 진단에는 아동의 얼굴 표정과 같은 감정표현의 의미와 맥락 등 비언어적 반응에 대한 관찰로 이루어진다. 이를 사람이 측정기에는 상당히 주관적인 판단이 개입하게 되어 객관적인 기술이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 영유아/아동의 언어, 비언어적 행동 반응을 관찰하는 ADOS(Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule)와 BeDevel(Behavior Development Screening for Toddler) 검사에서 검사자와 피검사자간의 상호작용이 녹화된 영상을 리빙랩 환경에서 획득하여 인공지능 기반의 비정상적/상동적 행동 인지 기술 개발에 필요한 영상 및 음성 데이터 확보를 목표로 한다.