• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.307-313
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• 2011

Objectives : This study explored the clinical differences in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients with and without developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Methods : Participants were 49 children and adolescents with ages between 6 and 18 years. These subjects were placed into 2 groups: ADHD without DCD (24) and ADHD with DCD (25). We used several evaluation tools on both groups: the Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version- Korean Version (K-SADS-PL), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-IIII), Child Behavior Check List (CBCL), Korean Personality Rating Scale for Children (K-PRC), and Bruininks-Osretsky Test of Motor (BOT-2). Results : Patients with both ADHD and DCD had a lower performance intelligence quotient and more internal and external behavioral symptoms than patients with ADHD but not DCD. It is possible that patients with ADHD and motor coordination problems should be noticed earlier and given intensive treatment.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.72-85
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• 2022

Objective : This study was conducted to examine self-selected goals and the outcome measures used in the Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP) approach for Developmental Coordination Disorder. Methods : Studies published from January 2012 to October 2022 in the PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, Cochrance Library databases were searched. Keywords used for search were ('developmental coordination disorder' OR 'DCD') AND ('Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance' OR 'Cognitive Orientation to Occupational Performance' OR 'CO-OP'). Among 211 searched studies, 7 selected studies that match the thesis of this study were analyzed. Results : The selected studies showed a relatively high level of evidence overall, including two randomized experimental studies, one non-random two-group study, three non-random one-group studies, one single-subject study. The self-selected goals preference of the children was high in the order of play, education, and daily life activities. Most of applicable sessions were conducted 10 times during a 1-h period, and intervention effects showed positive outcomes on the occupation performance motor domain. To measure the effectiveness of CO-OP, the improvement of occupational performance was evaluated using Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) and Performance Quality Rating Scale (PQRS), and the improvement of motor skills was evaluated using Movement Assessment Battery for Children (M-ABC). Conclusion : This study is expected to be used as basic clinical data when applying the CO-OP approach to Developmental Coordination Disorder.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 2020

Purpose: This study translated the developmental coordination disorder questionnaire'07 (DCDQ'07) into Korean and investigated the psychometric properties of the Korean DCDQ (DCDQ-K) using validation processes. Methods: The subjects were 300 parents with typically developing children aged 5-15 years (162 girls and 138 boys, mean age 9.24 years, SD 2.59) across the country. To develop the Korean DCDQ, a forward-backward-original author feedback-panel meeting-pilot study with parents was done. The internal consistency, test-retest reliability performed two weeks apart, content validity, discriminative validity, convergent validity, and constructive validity were examined with the pre-version of the DCDQ-K. Results: Approximately 15.33% of the subjects were probably shown DCD using DCDQ-K. Significant differences in age and province were observed in the DCDQ-K total score. The reliabilities and validities were good in the DCDQ-K. Conclusion: The DCDQ-K is a reasonable screening tool for DCD children.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.244-251
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• 2017

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of pharmacological treatments for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on motor coordination, using the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ). Methods: The participants were recruited from April 2015 to November 2016 from the Department of Psychiatry of Asan Medical Center and were treated for 3 months with methylphenidate or atomoxetine. The illness severity at baseline and 3 months were scored using the ADHD Rating Scale (ARS), Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale (CGI-S) and/or Clinical Global Impression-Improvement Scale (CGI-I). A total of 39 children with ADHD (age $8.0{\pm}1.4years$, 36 boys) completed the Advanced Test of Attention (ATA) and their parents completed the DCDQ at baseline and 3 months. The paired t-test, mixed between-within analysis of variance and correlation analysis were used. Results: The CGI-S (p<0.001), ARS (p<0.001), and fine motor/hand writing (p=0.005) on the DCDQ were significantly changed between pre-treatment and post-treatment. When the participants were divided into those who were suspected of having developmental coordination disorder (DCD) (n=23) and those who probably did not (n=16), the control during movement, fine motor/hand writing and general coordination scores on the DCDQ showed the main effects for group (p<0.001, p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). The fine motor/hand writing on the DCDQ has a significant main effect for time [F(1,37)=7.31, p=0.010, ${\eta}^2=0.405$] and the interaction effect between group and time was also significant [F(1,37)=4.63, p=0.038, ${\eta}^2=0.111$]. The baseline visual commission error on the ATA is significantly correlated with the changes in the DCDQ total scores (r=0.330, p=0.040). Conclusion: Our results provide preliminary evidence that pharmacological treatment for ADHD improves not only the core symptoms of ADHD, but also the motor coordination. Further studies are needed to confirm the effect of the pharmacological treatment for ADHD on the motor coordination.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.69-82
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• 2021

Objective : This recent work intended to provide basic information for researchers and practitioners related to occupational therapy about Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) in South Korea. The previous research of screening DCD and the effects of intervention programs were reviewed. Methods : Peer-reviewed papers relating to DCD and published in Korea from January 1990 to December 2020 were systematically reviewed. The search terms "developmental coordination disorder," "development coordination," and "developmental coordination" were used to identify previous Korean research in this area from three representation database, the Research Information Sharing Service, Korean Studies Information Service System, and Google Scholar. We found a total of 4,878 articles identified through the three search engines and selected seventeen articles for analysis after removing those that corresponded to the overlapping or exclusion criteria. We adopted "the conceptual model" to analyze the selected articles about DCD assessment and intervention. Results : We found that twelve of the 17 studies showed the qualitative level of Level 2 using non-randomized approach between the two groups. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children and its second edition were the most frequently used tools in assessing children for DCD. Among the intervention studies, the eight articles (47%) were adopted a dynamic systems approach; a normative functional skill framework and cognitive neuroscience were each used in 18% of the pieces; and 11% of the articles were applied neurodevelopmental theory. Only one article was used a combination approach of normative functional skill and general abilities. These papers were mainly focused on the movement characteristics of children with DCD and the intervention effect of exercise or sports programs. Conclusion : Most of the reviewed studies investigated the movement characteristics of DCD or explore the effectiveness of particular intervention programs. In the future, it would be useful to investigate the feasibility of different assessment tools and to establish the effectiveness of various interventions used in rehabilitation for better motor performance in children with DCD.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.77-87
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• 2016

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of task-oriented approach based on upper limb coordinated movement on the ability of the Korean handwriting in children with developmental coordination disorder(DCD). Methods/Design : This randomized controlled trial designed as a pre-/post- test will compare the effectiveness of task-oriented approach and process-oriented approach on handwriting performance for children with DCD aged 5 to 10. These interventions consist of 10 training sessions and 4 assessment sessions over 7weeks. Children will be measured regard to handwriting legibility, speed and pre-handwriting skills including upper limb movement skills, visual perception and visual motor coordination. Conclusion : This is the first attempt to investigate effects of a task-oriented approach in children with DCD. The significance of this study is to provide the clinical evidences to apply the task-oriented approach improves the children's handwriting performance. Furthermore it will also present a more effective intervention for handwriting by figuring out each approach's impact on the improvement of pre-handwriting skills.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.23-35
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• 2009

Objective : The purpose of this study is to understand whether group Sensory Integration(SI) therapy has the effect on improvement of motor skill and social function for children with developmental disorder. Method : The subjects were recruited among children received sensory integration therapy at a Children's Development Institute in Dae-Jeon, experimental group is total 5 participating in group sensory integration therapy and control group is also 5 participating in individual sensory integration therapy. The program was constructed for 90 minutes and all children either in the experimental or in the control group went through intervention for 20 weeks. Bruininks-Oseretsky test of Motor Proficiency II, Korean-Scales of Independent Behavior-Revised and Social Maturity Scale were used in order to evaluate the degree of improvement in motor skill and social function. Results : Most children in the experimental group showed improvement in overall aspects of motor skill and the social function comparing pre-intervention with post-intervention, but they did not show any statistically significant differences. However, comparing experimental group with control group, children in the experimental group showed improvement in motor skill and social function. Furthermore, there is statistically significant improvement especially in manual coordination, manual dexterity, and social age and social quotient in Behavior-Revised and Social Maturity Scale. Conclusions : It is found that a group Sensory Integration therapy program has effect on motor skill and social function for children with developmental disorder in this study. In the future study, group SI therapy should be applied for children with diverse diagnosis in order to generalize the effectiveness of therapy.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.9
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• pp.911-921
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• 2008

Learning disabilities (LD) are heterogeneous group of disorders with evidences of genetic or familial trait, intrinsic to the individual and presume to be due to central nervous dysfunction. Learning disabilities and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are the two of the most common disorders in the population of school-age children. Typically academic achievements in children with learning disabilities are significantly lower than expected by their normal or above normal range of IQ. Although academic and cognitive deficits are hallmarks of children with LD, those children are also at risk for a broad range of behavioral and emotional problems. Almost all cases meet criteria for at least one additional diagnosis such as ADHD, developmental coordination disorder, depression, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, tic disorder, among which ADHD is particularly predominant. Because of the response to the therapeutic intervention program is promising and positive when applied early, it is critical to recognize patients as early as possible. Pediatricians often are the first to hear from parents worried about a childs academic progress. It is not the responsibility of pediatrician to make a diagnosis, referring children for a diagnostic evaluation of LD is a reasonable first step. Pediatricians can make early referral of suspicious children by asking some serial short questions about basic and processing skills. With a basic knowledge about the clinical characteristics, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures of LD, pediatricians also can provide primary counseling and education for parents at their outpatient clinical settings.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.469-501
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• 2000

In the literature study on the cerebral palsy, the results were as follows : 1. Cerebral palsy is defined as a disorder of movement and posture due to a defect or lesion of the immature brain. For practical purposes it is useful to exclude from cerebral palsy those disorders of posture and movement which are of short duration, due to a progressive disease due solely to mental deficiency. 2. Cerebral Palsy is classified with quadriplegia, diplegia, hemi plegia, triplegia, and monoplegia or spastic CP, athetoid CP, ataxic CP, and combined classifications 3. Causes of Cerebral Palsy is any damage to the developing brain, whether caused by genetic or developmental disorders. And it is classified with prenatal.natal and postnatal causes. 4. Management consists of helping the child achieve maximum potential in growth and development. This should be started as early as possible with identification of the very young child who may have a developmental disorder. Certain medications, surgery, and braces may be used to improve nerve and muscle coordination and prevent dysfunction. 5. The aim of treatment is to encourage children and adults to learn to be as independent as possible. Some children and adults who have mild cerebral palsy will have no problems in achieving independence 6. Oji(五遲), Oyeon(五軟) and Okyeong(五硬) have the simmiar concepts with the cerebral palsy. 7. Oji(五遲) Oyeon(五軟) and Okyeong(五硬) are caused by seoncheon-pumbu-bujok(先天稟賦不足) and related with gan(肝), bi(脾) and sin(腎). 8. The treatment is achieved by the method of bogansin(補肝腎), ganggeungol(强筋骨) and boiungikki(補中益氣). And jihwanghwan(地黃丸) has been used most frequently.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.88-98
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• 2011

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a X-linked recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanidine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT), enzyme to recycle purines. Case history: born induced vaginal delivery at 40 weeks complicated by premature membrane ruputure, body weight 2.820 gm. He showed failure to thrive showing severe protein aversion like milk products and pink daper. Developmental delay revealing rolling over at 10.5 month, followed by regression. Seizure at 2 months, His poor oral feeding was lifelong problem. Weak crying, spastic, choreoathetoid movement. Self mutilating behavior noted and diagnosed at age 3 years. No family history of consanguinity and neurological disorders. Method: Laboratory test, physical exam, imaging study and molecular. Clinical follow up Treat ment with allopurinol. Result: uric acid 10.5 mg/dL (N 3.5-7.9), APRT 151.1uM/ min/ml pro(25.7-101), HPRT 7.6 (N 233.5-701) and c.151C>T hemizygote (p,Arg51X). Abdominal sonogram showed staghorn calculi in both kidneys, brain MRI brain atrophy. Clinical follow up showed, seizure at 2 mo, developmental delay (head control and, rolling over at at 11mo, pointing body part at 2 yr 7 mo, eye hand coordination at 2 y 11mo,creeping at 3 y 7 mo, speaking words at 6 y 6 mo ),and developmental regression at 3 yr of age. Sleeping problem including insomnia and severe constipation. Self mutilating behavior (lip bite) started at 2.5 yr, neurologic sx including intermittent upward gaze accompanied by swallowing difficulty at 3 y 7 mo grand mal seizure at 4.5 yr and spastic extremity and trunchal hypotonia and choleoathetoid movement and ataxia at 6.5 yr. Scoliosis with severe spasticity at 9 yr 9 mo. Acute life threatening episode with irregular breathing at 9 yr and 9 mo, Emaciation and nephrolithiasis and recurrent pneumonia. Died suddenly at 10 yr 3 mo. Conclusion: life long feeding problem, chronic gut motility dysfunction, sleeping difficulty and progressing neurologic deterioration and nephrolithiasis despite normal serum uric acid maintence by allopurinol treatment.