• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.501-517
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• 2011

This research investigates a geographical issue as to which factor discovered in the only Japanese telemedicine with regard to social and medical circumstances performs a role as a determinant in regionalization, especially, local areas in Japan. According to the results, strong human networks based on regionalism are mirrored in regionalization and are associated with not only the development and management of telemedicine operations, but also the choice of telemedicine users concretely. In other words, all processes from the suggestion stage of telemedicine to the practical usage or application stage of telemedicine are involved in the existing human networks within one prefecture (the third diagnostic area); further, personal stakes are transferred to public health care services (telemedicine) and their relationships have been formulated by the telemedicine council including local government, medical association, region-rooted companies, core health centers and universities, etc. Accordingly, the telemedicine council responses to the need of telemedicine users immediately and contributes to develop regional health care. Also, telemedicine users have been connected with each other closely before operating telemedicine; accordingly, the human relationships between doctors and patients or among doctors influence the choice of telemedicine serving sites and their behaviors comes down to regional-based diagnosis via the telemedicine system.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.15-51
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• 1998

compensation is a major function of human resources management. The hospital industry is characterized by its remarkable labor intensity and human resource input by unit. That is why the hospital industry has a higher level of wage/cost ration. The issues of how much the hospital personnel's direct financial compensation amounts to and how the organizational and other factors generate compensation differentiation, are central problems for research in hospitals. But there have been few approaches to study staff compensation in hospitals, its magnitude and inter-hospital relative compensation amounts for the same personnel. A worker who moves from low-wage to a high-wage employer can usually increase his or her pay without change in job description. This means in the cases of same jobs, relative importance is different for each hospitals. The purpse of this study were to find the compensation levels of hospital personnel and to determine the factors affecting compensation levels of hospital personnel. The unit of analysis is the hospital and 145 hospitals were studied for nurse(RN), medical technoloist(MT), managerial personnel(MP) and 100 hospitals for medical doctor(MD). In this study the definitions of direct financial compensation are before tax, excluding employer's contriution and total annual remuneration received by the employee. Main findings of the research can be summarized as follows. 1. Direct financial compensation of hospital personnel are MD 45,056,000 won, RN 9,222,000 won, MT 9,513,000 won and MP 9,185,000 won in the starting year's employment in hospital. 2. According to determinants of hospital personnel compensations, there are no statistical significant variables to determine the level of MD's compensation. Wlith RN and MT's compensation level, the greater the patient revenue per 100 hospital beds, the higher the RN compensation and the tertiary hospital's compensation is much more than other types of hospitals. The location of hospital is another determinant factor for the MT's compensation level. Hospitals that are in the uban area have lower compensation level than rural area. There are the same results in MP with MT. Conclusions can be drawn from the results of the study. First, the wage differentiation of MD and other health personnel still remains and the differentiation existed in inter and intra job personnel of hospitals. Second, determinants of hospital personnel personnel compensation level are patient revenue, location, and type of hospital level.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 2016

Autoignition characteristic is an important factor of all combustible substances, and a critical determinant in assessing the effectiveness of fire hazard prevention. This study investigated the autoignition characteristic of mixtures of Ethylene Glycol and water using an ASTM D2155 type ignition temperature measuring apparatus. It was possible to get the minimum temperature as $434^{\circ}C$ from 100% Ethylene Glycol within range of $75{\sim}160{\mu}l$. A volume of $100{\sim}125{\mu}l$ of a mixed sample of Ethylene Glycol and water (80 : 20) was ignited at the same temperature ($434^{\circ}C$). Also it was possible to get the auto ignition temperature as $437^{\circ}C$ from a mixed sample of Ethylene Glycol and water (60 : 40) within range of $120{\sim}160{\mu}l$. The instantaneous ignition temperatures determined for $125{\mu}l$ of each of the three samples were $579^{\circ}C$, $595^{\circ}C$ and $611^{\circ}C$, respectively. Both auto ignition temperatures and instantaneous ignition temperatures were increased through the addition of water to the samples.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.229-237
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• 2010

This study analyzes the factors that affect the safety condition level of road-bridges, one of the important infrastructures. Utilizing Binary Logit model, this report empirically identifies the key factors that has influenced the recent assessed safety condition level of the first and the second major types of road-bridges, managed by public agencies, and the changes of the safety level for last six years. As a result of the analysis, the most important factor that influences the safety condition level is not the physical characteristics, but the management quality. As road-bridges are getting older and older, the management quality tends to bring about more differentials in assessing the safety condition level. The safety condition level, C or D, is likely to be improved the level, A or B, is likely to become degraded. To achieve the goal that keep the safety condition level, A and B, more than 90%, it should be considered to make the degrading rate from B to C lower. However, this study includes the limitation on data. It is essential to collect structure data that are spread out in many agencies to complement the limitation for further research.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 2013

This This paper investigates the variation of the factors to determinate housing price in Seoul metropolitan area after sub-prime financial crisis, in Korea, using a VAR model. The model includes housing price and housing rent (Jeonse) in Seoul metropolitan area from 1999 to 2011, and uses interest rate, real GDP, KOSPI, Producer Price Index and practices to impulse response and variance decomposition analysis to grasp the dynamic relation between a variable of macro economy and and a variable of housing price. Data is classified to 2 groups before and after the 3rd quater of 2008, when sub-prime crisis occurred; one is from the 1st quater of 1999 to the 3rd quater of 2008, and the other is from the 2nd quater of 1999 and the 4th quater of 2011. As a result, comparing before and after sub-prime crisis, housing price is more influenced by its own variation or Jeonse price's variation instead of interest rate and KOSPI. Both before and after sub-prime financial crisis, Jeonse price is also influenced by its own variation and housing price. While after sub-prime financial crisis, influences of Producer Price Index, KOSPI and interest rate were weakened, influence of real GDP is expanded. As housing price and housing rent are more influenced by real economy factors such as GDP, its own variation than before sub-prime financial crisis, the recent trend that the house prices is declined is difficult to be converted, considering domestic economic recession and uncertainty, continued by Europe financial crisis. In the future to activate the housing business, it ia necessary to promote purchasing power rather than relaxation of financial and supply regulation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1011-1019
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to examine the basis of design condition of existing treatment processes, namely, Extended Aeration Process, Conventional Activated Process, High Rate Aeration Process and Modified Aeration Process, by clarifying the correlations of influent wastewater concentration, hydraulic retention time, food-to-microorganism ratio and sedimentation of sludge, as well as to ascertain the feasibility of design, regardless of the existing design condition. In particular, this study made a priority investigation of hydraulic retention time and sludge sedimentation, because sludge sedimentation is the main factor$^{1)}$ which determines the operating conditions of existing treatment processes. Therefore, it is generally known that in case exceeds the sphere of design presented for each treatment, sludge bulking may occur. The results of Lesperance's test$^{1)}$, which formed the basis of design, showed the sphere of loading without security of sludge sedimentation, as in Fig. 1. The reason for sludge bulking in a certain condition, as above, is due to failure in application of optimum loading corresponding to each retention time by employing a few operating condition, which proved to be consecutively workable after years of trials and failures by Lesperance, for test conditions. However, the result of this test showed that in case of proper maintenance of loading. sludge sedimentation can be ensured under 120 SVI. Therefore, this study suggested hydraulic retention time and its corresponding optimum loading, and identified the hydraulic retention time as a determinant of sludge sedimentation. And. on the basis of these findings, this study suggested the feasiblity of UHR(Ultra High Rate), a new operating process, exceeding several times the applicable loading value of High Rate Aeration Process under one hour retention time which has not yet applied to the existing treatment processes.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.16
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• pp.243-264
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• 2008

Investigation about training of Private Security in Korea has managed status of training and understanding of issue mostly, systematic analysis about transfer effect as well as learning and determinant of training is insufficient. Consequently this investigation research to examine the effect of training program for newly appointed private security guards to learning and transfer then, to analyze factor through incumbent private security guard-oriented hypothesis testing under article 13, section 1 of the security guard law. To grasp effect factors of learning and transfer, this dissertation establishes research model and research hypothesis through domestic and foreign studies and then theoretical as well as positive literatures consideration in the first place. Conclusion of this investigation through techniques mentioned above and data analysis is as follows. First of all, the personal characteristics, training characteristics, work environment, difference of transfer as well as learning are verified in accordance with Sociodemographic characterist of Private Security Guard. After then, there is a difference of great import. Secondly, the effect of personal characteristics of Private Security Guard to the transfer is inspected. As a result, there is a difference of significance statistical. Thirdly, the effect of training characteristics of Private Security Guard to the transfer is inspected. Consequently, there is a difference of import statistical. The following thing, subsequent to inspection about the effect of work environment of Private Security Guard to transfer, statistical difference of import is.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.182-192
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• 2013

Since the Korean apple industry needs to expand its export market in Southeast Asia, this study investigates the attributes of Korean apples affecting consumer preference in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. Based on an Importance-Preference analysis, the results are summarized as follows. First, price is the most important determinant for purchasing Korean apples by Southeast Asian consumers, except in Malaysia. Second, managing the intrinsic(sweetness and chewing texture) and extrinsic(surface and color) factors needs to be well maintained. Third, the priority of the marketing factor(wrapping) should be lowered. Fourth, while the importance of extrinsic factors(shape and size) is low, satisfaction is high, so these factors need to be managed to avoid overkill. Overall, Korean apples should have their own merits with an appropriate proper price, while maintaining a high quality. The results of this paper may provide suitable strategies for promoting apple exports to Southeast Asia.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.368-379
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• 2021

Two virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori, cagA and vacA, have been known to play a role in the development of severe gastric symptoms. However, they are not always associated with peptic ulcer or gastric cancer. To predict the disease outcome more accurately, it is necessary to understand the risk of severe symptoms linked to other virulence factors. Several other virulence factors of H. pylori have also been reported to be associated with disease outcomes, although there are many controversial descriptions. H. pylori isolates from Koreans may be useful in evaluating the relevance of other virulence factors to clinical symptoms of gastric diseases because the majority of Koreans are infected by toxigenic strains of H. pylori bearing cagA and vacA. In this study, a total of 116 H. pylori strains from Korean patients with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancers were genotyped. The presence of virulence factors vacAs1c, alpA, babA2, hopZ, and the extremely strong vacuolating toxin was found to contribute significantly to the development of severe gastric symptoms. The genotype combination vacAs1c/alpA/babA2 was the most predictable determinant for the development of severe symptoms, and the presence of babA2 was found to be the most critical factor. This study provides important information on the virulence factors that contribute to the development of severe gastric symptoms and will assist in predicting clinical disease outcomes due to H. pylori infection.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.195-205
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• 2019

Background: The food and food service influence the quality of life and the general health condition of older persons living in long-term care (LTC) facilities. Purchasing good food materials is a ground of good food service. In Korea, the residents in LTC facilities should pay for the cost of food materials and ingredients out of their pocket because it is not covered by LTC insurance. This study explored what factors affect the cost of food materials paid by LTC facility residents and which factor affects most. Methods: We used data from the study on out-of-pocket payment on national LTC insurance, which surveyed 1,552 family caregivers of older residents in LTC facilities. We applied conditional multi-level model, of which the first level represents the characteristics of care receivers and caregivers and its second level reflects those of LTC facilities. Results: We found that the facility residents with college-graduated family caregivers paid 11,545 Korean won more than those with less than elementary-graduated ones. However, the income level of family caregivers did not significantly affect the amount of the food material cost of the residents. The residents in privately owned, large, metropolitan-located facilities were likely to pay more than those in other types of facilities. The amount of the food material cost of the residents was mainly decided by the facility level factors rather than the characteristics of care recipients and their family caregivers (intra-class correlation=82%). Conclusion: These findings suggest that it might be effective to design a policy targeting facilities rather than residents in order to manage the cost of food materials of residents in LTC facilities. Setting a standard price for food materials in LTC facilities, like Japan, could be suggested as a feasible policy option. It needs to inform the choice of LTC users by providing comparable food material cost information. The staffing requirement of nutritionist also needs to be reviewed.