• 제목/요약/키워드: Design (control) factors

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다형성 교모세포증 환자의 예후인자 분석 (Analysis of Prognostic Factors in Glioblastoma Multiforme)

  • 장세경;서창옥;이상욱;금기창;김귀언;김우철
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • 제14권3호
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    • pp.181-189
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    • 1996
  • 목적 : 다형성 교모세포증 환자의 생존율에 영향을 미치는 예후인자와 치료성적을 분석하여 생존율을 향상시킬 수 있는 치료방법을 모색하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 1973년 1월부터 1993년 12월까지 연세의료원에서 치료를 시행받은 다형성 교모세포증 환자 121명을 대상으로 하여 이들의 생존율에 영향을 미치는 예후인자와 치료성적을 주된 증상의 발현 기간, 연령, 전신수행도 등의 임상특성과 수술적 절제 정도, 방사선치료여부 등의 치료와 관련된 요인으로 분류하여 분석하였다. 결과 : 전체 환자의 정중 생존 기간은 13개월이었고 2년 전체 생존율은 $20.8\%$였다. 단일변량분석에서 의미있는 예후인자로는 주된 증상의 발현 기간, 연령, 전신수행도, 방사선치료여부, 수술적 절제 정도 등이었으며 이들 예후인자에 따른 2년 전체 생존율은 각각 주된 증상의 발현기간이 3개월을 초과한 경우에는 $47.2\%$(p=0.0082), 연령이 50세 미만인 경우에는 $32.9\%$(p=0.0003), 전신수행도가 80이상인 경우에는 $36.9\%$(p=0.0422), 방사선치료를 시행한 경우에는 $22.9\%$(p=0.0030), 완전절제나 부분절제가 시행된 경우에는 $23.3\%$(p<0.000)이었고 다변량분석에서는 전신수행도를 제외한(p=0.8823) 주된 증상의 발현 기간, 연령, 방사선치료여부, 수술적 절제 정도 등이 의미있는 예후인자였다. 항암화학요법의 병용여부에 따른 2년 전체 생존을은 각각 $22.3\%$$19.4\%$이었다(p=0.6028). 주된 증상의 발현 기간이 3개월 이하인 경우와 연령이 50세 이상인 경우, 뇌정위적 생검만 시행된 경우를 위험인자로 보았을 때 위험인자가 없었던 환자군의 정중 생존 기간과 2년 전체 생존율은 각각 29개월과 $53.9\%$이었고 3개의 위험인자를 모두 가지고 있는 환자군의 정중 생존 기간과 2년 전체 생존율은 각각 4개월과 $0\%$이었다. 원발병소에서의 국소치료실패양상이 $86.4\%$(51/59)로 치료실패양상의 대부분을 차지하였다. 결론 : 주된 증상의 발현 기간, 연령, 방사선치료여부, 수술적 절제 정도 등이 생존율에 영향을 미치는 통계적으로 유의한 예후인자이었고 현재까지의 저조한 치료성적을 향상시키기 위해서는 국소제어율을 향상시키는 방안에 대한 연구가 진행되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

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프랜차이즈 모기업 핵심역량 자원이 가맹점 관계결속과 재계약의도에 미치는 영향 (Effects of Core Competence and Resource Sharing on the Relational Bond among Franchisees and on Re-contract Intention in the Franchising Parent Companies)

  • 허영욱;주말찬
    • 유통과학연구
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    • 제12권4호
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    • pp.11-22
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    • 2014
  • Purpose - The domestic franchise industry has made significant contributions to industry such as investment, employment, and community economy development, facilitating growth potential. The franchise industry provides management knowhow transfer between parent companies and franchisees as per contracts addressing use of business signs, franchisees' independent position, franchisor support, and royalties to be paid to the franchisors. However, many franchisors lack management knowhow and provide insufficient support because of poor control of franchisees and not having a systematic approach to support. This results in dissatisfied franchisees and failure to establish long-term relationships. Few studies have examined relational commitment and/or re-contract intention by support resources between franchisors and franchisees, despite a considerable output of theories and studies of the growth of the franchise industry. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to examine the effects of the ability to provide resources on relational commitments and re-contract intention, and to suggest causal relationships and implications. Research design, data, and methodology - The subject was domestic franchisors registered with the Association of Franchise with more than 50 franchisees. Franchisees under contract for 2 years and considering re-contract of their franchise 2 years later were used. The subjects totaled 300 franchisees in Seoul. A questionnaire survey was used to investigate the subject of franchisees' concessions during the 10 days from November 21, 2013 to November 30, 2013. After excluding 16 surveys with poor answers, 284 responses were finally used. Four areas and 44 questions were used. A nominal scale was used for four common characteristics questions including gender, ages, educational background, and franchise managing time. Questions regarding ability, relational commitment, and re-contract intention made use of a Likert 5-point scale. Data coding and data cleaning were used. SPSS 18.0 was used as follows. First, frequency analysis was done to investigate demographic characteristics. Second, exploratory factor analysis was done to verify validity of testing tools, and Cronbach's α coefficient was used to verify reliability. Third, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were done. An exploratory factor analysis was done to verify validity of concepts. A correlation analysis was done to test relationships between the variables, and multiple regression analysis was done to verify franchisor's ability, franchisees' relational commitment, and re-contract intention. Results - The following were the outcomes. First, store operation management, finance operation management, and human resource management affected the calculated bond. Second, store operation management and finance operation management affected the emotional bond. Third, store operation management, finance operation management, human resource management, and marketing management affected the prescriptive bond. Fourth, calculated bond and prescriptive bond had an effect on re-contract intention. Conclusions - As stated above, in franchise management, parent companies' offer and instruction of core competence to their franchisees as an information resource could improve the relational bond by helping them grow together through the resource sharing. Consequently, core competence factors were promoting factors that could improve franchisees' re-contract intention for a long time.

Interleukin 10 rs1800872 T>G Polymorphism was Associated with an Increased Risk of Esophageal Cancer in a Chinese Population

  • Sun, Jia-Ming;Li, Qiong;Gu, Hai-Yong;Chen, Yi-Jang;Wei, Ji-Shu;Zhu, Quan;Chen, Liang
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제14권6호
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    • pp.3443-3447
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    • 2013
  • Aim: Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer and sixth leading cause of cancer associated death worldwide. The 5 year survival rate for esophageal cancer patients is very poor and accounts for only 12.3%. Besides environmental risk factors, genetic factors might play an important role in the esophageal cancer carcinogenesis. Methods: We conducted a hospital based case-control study to evaluate the genetic effects of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): interleukin 9 (IL9) rs31563 C>T, IL9 rs31564 G>T, IL10 rs1800872 T>G, IL12A rs2243115 T>G, IL12B rs3212227 T>G and IL13 rs1800925 C>T on the development of esophageal cancer. A total of 380 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cases and 380 controls were recruited for this study. The genotypes were determined using a custom-by-design 48-Plex SNPscan$^{TM}$ Kit. Results: The IL10 rs1800872 T>G polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of ESCC. However, there were no significant links with the other five SNPs. Stratified analyses indicated no significant risk of ESCC associated with the IL10 rs1800872 T>G polymorphism evident among any subgroups. Conclusion: These findings indicated that functional polymorphism IL10 rs1800872 T>G might contribute to ESCC susceptibility. However, our results were obtained with a limited sample size, so that the power of our analysis was low. Future larger studies with more rigorous study designs of other ethnic populations are required to confirm the current findings.

트랙터 최종구동축용 복합유성기어 방식 감속기의 Micro-geometry를 이용한 전달 오차 및 치면 하중 분포 개선에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Improvement of Transmission Error and Tooth Load Distribution using Micro-geometry of Compound Planetary Gear Reducer for Tractor Final Driving Shaft)

  • 이남규;김용주;김완수;김연수;김택진;백승민;최용;김영근;최일수
    • 드라이브 ㆍ 컨트롤
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    • 제17권1호
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    • pp.1-12
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    • 2020
  • This study was to develop a simulation model of a compound planetary gear reducer for the final driving shaft using a gear analysis software (KISSsoft, Version 2017, KISSsoft AG, Switzerland). The aim of this study is to analyze transmission error and the tooth load distribution through micro-geometry using the simulation model. The tip and root relief were modified with Micro-geometry in the profile direction, and crowning was modified with Micro-geometry in the lead direction. The transmission error was analyzed using the PPTE (Peak to Peak Transmission Error) value, and the tooth load distribution was analyzed for the concentrated stress on the tooth surface. As a result of modifying tip and relief in the profile direction, the transmission error was reduced up to 40.7%. In the case of modifying crowning in the lead direction, the tooth load was more evenly distributed than before and decreased the stress on the tooth surface. After modifying the profile direction for the 1st and 2nd planetary gear train, the bending and contact safety factors were increased by 31.7% and 17%, and 18.3% and 12.5% respectively. Moreover, the bending and safety factors after modifying lead direction were increased by 59.5% and 32.7%, respectively for the 1st planetary gear train, and 59.6% and 43.6%, respectively for the 2nd planetary gear train. In future studies, the optimal design of a compound planetary gear reducer for the final driving shaft is needed considering both the transmission error and tooth load distribution.

공동주택 마감공사 공사주체별 작업지연 요인 분석 (Analysis of Delay Factors Based on Importance of Construction Subject-classified in Apartment Finishing Works)

  • 이승훈;김용만;김주형;김재준
    • 한국건축시공학회지
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    • 제11권1호
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    • pp.73-81
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    • 2011
  • 건설 공사의 궁극적인 목표는 주어진 공사를 요구된 공사기간내에 설계도서에 명시된 품질 기준을 만족시키면서 가장 경제적이고 안전하게 완성하는데 있다. 마감공사는 공종이 세분화되어 매우 다양하고 복잡한 구조를 가지고 있으며 적정 투입 시점에 대한 세부 공종별 기준이 없고, 선후행 작업간의 우선 순위의 정립의 필요성이 약한 것이 특징이다. 본 연구는 마감공사 작업지연을 최소화하기 위하여 마감공사 세부 공종별 작업지연 우선 순위를 선정하여 소요 공기에 맞추어 프로젝트를 완료할 수 있는 정보를 제공하는 것이 목적이다. 본 연구에서 마감공사를 습식공사와 기타 마감공사로 나누어 각 공종별 내역을 기반으로 중요도를 분류하고, 설문을 통해 설계자, 시공자, 협력업체의 작업지연 요인을 분석하여 최종 작업지연 우선 순위를 선정하여 계획 공사기간 내에 공동주택 프로젝트를 완료할 수 있는 정보를 제공하는데 목적이 있다.

손 인터페이스 기반 3인칭 가상현실 콘텐츠 제작 공정에 관한 연구 (A Study on Production Pipeline for Third Person Virtual Reality Contents Based on Hand Interface)

  • 전찬규;김민규;이지원;김진모
    • 한국컴퓨터그래픽스학회논문지
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    • 제23권3호
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    • pp.9-17
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    • 2017
  • 본 연구는 사용자에게 새로운 가상현실 환경에서 새로운 경험과 현존감을 제공하기 위하여 3인칭 시점의 가상현실 콘텐츠 제작 공정을 제안한다. 이를 위해 우선 이야기, 재미요소 그리고 게임성을 포함하는 3인칭 관찰자 시점의 가상현실 콘텐츠를 제작한다. 이는 기존의 가상현실 콘텐츠와 다른 3인칭 시점에 적합한 인터페이스를 사용자가 사전에 학습할 수 있는 튜토리얼 장면과 배경 이야기를 토대로 게임적 요소를 활용하여 목적을 달성하는 콘텐츠 장면으로 구성한다. 다음은 3인칭 가상현실 콘텐츠에 적합한 인터페이스를 설계한다. 본 연구는 손을 사용하여 가상환경 또는 객체와 상호작용할 수 있는 인터페이스를 제안한다. 제안하는 인터페이스는 캐릭터의 이동, 다중 선택을 포함한 가상객체의 선택, 가상공간을 활용한 3차원 메뉴 제어의 3단계로 구성한다. 마지막으로 제안한 인터페이스를 통해 제작된 3인칭 가상현실 콘텐츠를 높은 만족감으로 편리하게 제어할 수 있음을 설문 실험을 통해 확인한다.

청소년 비행화 과정 개입 프로그램 개발에 관한 연구 -비행화 예방 집단활동 프로그램의 효과성 분석 - (The Study on the Process of Juvenile Delinquency and It's Prevention Program)

  • 이익섭;김근식
    • 한국사회복지학
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    • 제37권
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    • pp.381-405
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    • 1999
  • 청소년 비행 문제에 대한 접근은 청소년들이 비행에 이르게 된 과정과 요인에 대한 분석을 기반으로 하여 이들에게 영향을 미치는 요인별로 다각적인 접근을 시도하는 프로그램의 계획 및 실천과 그에 대한 평가작업을 통해 완성된다고 생각된다. 이러한 점에서 볼 때 시도되는 프로그램의 전 과정을 양적 및 질적 방법으로 평가하여 저소득층 밀집지역의 비행청소년들에게 적합한 프로그램 모형을 개발 보급하는 것은 현 시점에서 매우 의미 있는 작업이 될 것이다. 본 연구조사의 일차적 목적은 청소년 비행의 문제를 적극적으로 해결하기 위한 사회복지 개입 프로그램을 계획 시행하여 그 효과성을 검증하는 것이다. 본 연구를 통해 수행된 비행예방 프로그램은 본 연구에서 제시하고 있는 비행 요인을 중복적으로 가지고 있는 초등학교 4학년 학생 10명을 대상으로 하여 5개월간 주 1회 씩 총 19회의 집단활동으로 구성되었다. 프로그램의 효과성 평가는 목적달성 모델을 따랐으며, 사전 사후조사를 통한 양적 접근과 함께 집단활동 기록 분석 등의 질적 접근을 병행하였다. 그 결과 자아존중감으로 조작화된 집단활동 참여자의 비행성향이 통계적으로 유의미한 긍정적 변화를 보였다. 이는 본 프로그램이 비행예방 효과를 가지고 있음을 시사하는 것이라 생각된다.

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노인여성의 요실금 실태 (A Study on Urinary Incontinence of Elderly Women in a Community)

  • 박옥희;권인수;강영실
    • 여성건강간호학회지
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    • 제7권4호
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    • pp.536-546
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    • 2001
  • The purposes of this descriptive study were to identify the prevalence rate of urinary incontinence(UI) and the differences in frequency of incontinent and normal women by general characteristics, obstetrical history, and the conditional events for urinary incontinence of the elderly women in a community. By the results of this study, it is intended to provide nursing practice guidelines for incontinent women. The research design of this study was a preliminary descriptive study. The 173 subjects were 55 years old and over, and resided in a small city area. Data were collected from June 20 to July 20, 2001, by an interview or a self-report with questionaire. The questionaire was composed of items of general characteristics, obstetrical characteristics, and conditions of UI by the modified Henderickon's Stress Incontinence Scale(1981). The results were summariezed as follows: 1. The UI prevalence rate of the sample was 64.2%. Of the incontinent women, 31.5% had experienced UI for a period of three to five years, and 84.7% had never treated or managed their UI. Frequency of UI was once or twice times per month(46.8%). 2. The total mean of UI on the scale in the incontinent women was 25.50 of 85, ranging from 18 to 41. 3. The most frequent condition of UI was coughing, followed by laughing, sneezing, heavy exercise, and preparation of urination in descending order. 4. There were significant differences in age, education, social activity, and urinary difficulty between the incontinent women and the normal women. 5. There were significant differences in frequency of spontaneous abortion, age of menopause between the incontinent women and the normal women. 6. There were no significant differences in number of delivery, frequency of artificial abortion, age of the last delivery, and postal health management between the incontinent women and the normal women. In conclusion, the incidence of UI in this study was high, but there were no effective treatments or management. It is suggested to provide the adult women with knowledge about UI, and to educate preventive behavior and control skill of urinary incontinence. Also episodes of urinary incontinence were high in the situation of sudden increase of abdominal pressure. This data can be used for the prevention strategy of urinary incontinence, In future research it is recommended to identify comprehensive factors related to urinary incontinence including psychosocial factors, and effective strategies of urinary incontinence.

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근린단위의 도시열섬관리를 위한 국지온도와 도시환경의 관계 (Relationship between Urban Environment and Local Temperature for Managing Urban Heat Island Effect in Neighborhood)

  • 이건원
    • 한국산학기술학회논문지
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    • 제18권10호
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    • pp.806-816
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    • 2017
  • 본 연구는 국지온도에 영향을 미치는 요소를 도출함으로써 국지온도 관리 및 열섬현상 저감을 위한 효과적인 정책제시를 위한 기초데이터 확보를 목적으로 한다. 국지온도에 영향을 미치는 요소로 자연환경, 토지이용, 토지피복 등의 세 가지를 선정하였다. 이를 위해 2007년, 2011~2016년 7월과 8월의 전국 자동기상관측시스템(AWS. Automatic Weather System) 측정 지점 500m 반경($0.79km^2$) 내의 토지피복도, 토지이용 면적 데이터를 활용하였다. 연구를 위해서 다중회귀분석을 바탕으로 위계적 회귀분석(Hierarchical Regression Analysis)을 이용하여 각 변수의 투입에 따른 모델의 설명력을 검토하였다. 연구결과, 도시열섬 저감 및 국지온도 상승을 억제하기 위해서 교통관련 인자들에 대한 조절을 위한 적절한 정책적 수단이 필요하며, 그리고 국지온도 상승을 억제하기 위해서 산림지 면적을 증가시킬 수 있도록 토지이용계획상의 배려가 필요하다는 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 본 연구는 추후 열섬현상 저감을 위해 보다 효과적인 정책 수립과 도시의 지속성 제고 전략을 마련 할 수 있는 방안을 제시했으며, 토지이용과 토지피복면적 등의 상세한 자료들을 분석에 활용했다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

친환경·GAP·HACCP이 농업 생산자조직에 미치는 영향 (The Effect of Environment-friendly Certifications on Agricultural Producer Organizations)

  • 김창환;박성호
    • 유통과학연구
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    • 제13권6호
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    • pp.97-104
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    • 2015
  • Purpose - The distribution of agricultural products is changing due to recent shifts in environmental free trade. Specifically, the competitiveness of domestic agricultural products has weakened as a result of the Korea-China Financial Trade Agreement. Agricultural producers are faced with increasing difficulties and organized production centers are growing in importance daily. To overcome this crisis, agricultural producer organizations are vying for environment-friendly agricultural certifications, Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP). In particular, as consumer demand for higher safety grows, farmers are increasing their certification rates. Therefore, this certification system is expected to help strengthen the competitiveness of agricultural producer organizations. Research design/data/methodology - Organized production centers are classified by certification. A survey was conducted with 91 organizations using factor analysis and logistic regression analysis for the examination. The factor analysis results are as follows. Raw material procurement, education·specialization, marketing, joint business, organizing ability, business management, effectiveness, certification, and larger organizations were classified as the nine types of factors. These factors affect the organized production centers and are used in the logistic regression analysis. The purpose of such research and analysis is to suggest a direction for future production center policies. Results - The basic statistical results are as follows: analysis of the producer organizations of 91 sites, average number of members per site of 1,624, and average sales of 25,961 million won. Additionally, the average income per farmer is 175 million won, and the pooling system rate is 53.5%. The factor analysis results are as follows. Factor 1 consists of contract cultivation, ongoing shipment, selection subdivision, traceability, and major retailer management. Factor 2 consists of manual cultivation, specialty selection, education program, and R&D. Factor 3 consists of advertising, various dealers, various sales strategies, and a unified sales counter. Factor 4 consists of agricultural materials co-purchase, policy support, co-shipment, and incentives. Factor 5 consists of the co-selection and pooling system. Factor 6 consists of co-branding and operating by the organization's article. Factor 7 consists of the buy-sell ratio and rate of operation of the agriculture promotion center. Factor 8 consists of bargaining power in volume and participation rate of farmer certification. Factor 9 consists of increasing new subscribers. The logistic regression analysis results are as follows. Considering the results by type of certification, the environment-friendly agricultural certification type and the GAP certification type have a (+) influence. GAP and HACCP certification types affecting the education·specialization factor have a (+) influence. Considering the results for each type of certification, the environment-friendly agricultural certification types on the effectiveness factor have (-) influence; the HACCP certification types on the organizing ability and effectiveness factor have a (-) influence. Conclusions - Agricultural producer organizations should develop plans as follows: The organizations need to secure education for agricultural production; increase the pooling system ratio for sustainable organizational development; and, finally, expand the number of agricultural producer organizations.