• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.425-434
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• 2000

The 3.5 KHz seismic survey was carried out for studying the distribution pattern of the unconsolidated sediments of the Yeosu Sound on the southern coast of the Korean Peninsula. Field data originally recorded in analog are converted and processed digitally to recover the high-resolution acoustic profiles. Across the north-south trending channel with the depth of 20~30 m, different seismic facies types are observed in the top section of sediments. The western part is characterized by the continuous high-amplitude subparallel reflectors within which the acoustic turbidity as a token of the presence of gas is commonly observed, whereas the counterpart largely shows poor reflectors and has shallow acoustic basement toward the north. The dissimilarity of the seismic expression across the channel can be interpreted as the result of the change of depositional environment caused by relative sea-level fluctuations of the late-Quaternary. During the last glacial period, the Yeosu Sound was exposed and eroded by the paleo-Seomjin River. By the following rapid rise of sea level, it was covered by the transgressive sand sheet. When the sea level reached near the present position, the muddy sediment has accumulated only in the western part of the Yeosu Sound as its depositional front has moved toward the north. It is partly caused by the asymmetrical tidal current in the Yeosu Sound where the flood near the bottom has stronger current flow and contains more suspended sediments.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.139-145
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• 2006

Short-range wireless transmission and networking technologies are becoming increasingly important in enabling useful mobile applications. Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11b standards are the most commonly deployed technologies for WPAN and WLAN. This paper investigates the effect of short range wireless channel on the performance of MC-CDMA/BPSK system and Bluetooth GFSK signal transmission in AWGN and Rician fading environments. And we investigate performance degradation due to interference effects in short range wireless channel. We firstly derive a equation for the bit error probability in additive white Gaussian noise depending on MC-CDMA/BPSK signal and GFSK modulation signal parameters according to the Bluetooth RF standard. Then, from this error rate expression we calculate the mean error probability for MC-CDMA/BPSK signal and Bluetooth GFSK signal in Rician fading and interference channel. In particular, the impacts of the Rician fading depth and interference level on the error probability is shown in BER performance figures.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.27-37
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is figure out secondary education undergraduates' communication patterns and perceptions of use in KAKAOTALK, one of the most frequently used Social Network Service(SNS). The mixed method research was conducted of survey about 86 students and in-depth interview 10 of them. The chief implication of research showed that it has been firstly functioning them to sustain public and private network and to be an universal tool of expression their opinion, idea, themselves, however, they still regard face-to-face communication important. Secondly, they think that KAKAOTALK is a part of their everyday lives and regarded a communication space to freely express themselves and to adjust and manage their image. Thirdly, they psychologically solved their loneliness and were encouraged, moreover, the contents of communication were different according to usd of public or private team chat room. It needs a follow-up study comparatively to analyze other generation's cognitive psychological values in SNS and to suggest digital culture literacy guideline.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2015

Objectives : This study was performed to inquire into the protective effects of acupuncture on oxidative stress caused by cadmium accumulation in the kidney. Methods : Sprague-Dawley male($150{\pm}30g$) rats were stabilized for 1 week and divided into 5 groups: normal, control, $LR_3$ acupuncture, $BL_{23}$ acupuncture and sham acupuncture. For three days experimental groups received oral doses of cadmium 2 mg/kg twice a day. Acupuncture was applied bilaterally at each point 10 times for two weeks. The depth of stimulation was 1 mm at right angles and torsion of acupuncture was produced 2 times per second for 1 minute. The kidneys were extracted and weighed after two weeks, and renal function was confirmed through blood urea nitrogen(BUN). We measured reactive oxygen species of the serum and kidney, and compared expression levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase(Gpx), nuclear factor erythroid derived 2-related factor 2(Nrf-2), heme oxygenase-1(HO-1), nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$(NF-${\kappa}B)$, cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), Bax and Cytochrome c. Results : The $LR_3$ acupuncture group and $BL_{23}$ acupuncture group experienced significantly increased kidney weight, and decreased BUN compared to control group. In terms of oxidative stress, the $LR_3$ acupuncture group and $BL_{23}$ acupuncture group experienced significantly reduced reactive oxygen species compared to the control group. Conclusions : The $LR_3$ acupuncture group and $BL_{23}$ acupuncture group experienced showed the effects of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and apoptosis protection. The $BL_{23}$ acupuncture group was more effective than $LR_3$ acupuncture group.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.419-430
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• 1995

There is a need to investigate folk remedies used by patients with breast cancer because there is little information about the subject, even though many Korean women with breast cancer have used folk remedies during and after their treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate and describe the phenomena and the meaning of folk remedies in order to better understand patients with breast cancer and to suggest directions for comprehensive nursing care. The Questions for the study were as follows What kinds of folk remedies do patients with breast cancer use\ulcorner What are the routes of knowing about folk remedies in patients with breast cancer\ulcorner What are the patterns of the usage of the folk remedies\ulcorner Why do patients with breast cancer use folk remedies\ulcorner What are the meanings of folk remedies to patients with breast cancer\ulcorner To answer these questions, a qualitative research method was used. Thirty-nine patients were recruited from university teaching hospitals from March, 1993 to November 1994. Many of them underwent either modified radical mastectomy or received various adjuvant therapy including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and hormonal therapy. Data were collected by in-depth interviews, observations, medical records, and analyzed step-by-step using qualitative analysis. The results were as follows : 1. Patients with breast cancer have used many different kinds of folk remedies. 2. Patients with breast cancer did not know the exact effects of the folk remedies. Also the effects could not be exactly proven by the patients. 3. Patients with breast cancer received information about many kinds of folk remedies through various communication systems, such as other patients, their families and relatives, friends, and many types of mass media. 4. To use the folk remedies was one kind of illness behavior that was used by these patients. 5. Folk remedies were used to deal with not only anxiety by the patients themselves but also as the expression of affection and concern by families and relatives. 6. The use of folk remedies was one of the adaptation behaviors in patients with breast cancer whose disease was in the terminal stage. Based on the above findings, one suggestion was made : To continue further studies on folk remedies used by other patients with cancer in order to further explain health and illness behavior of Korean people.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.75-83
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• 2016

Objectives : A previous study demonstrated that the connecting points of three yang meridians attenuated changes of nNOS, and Norepinephrine(NE) in rats. The current study investigated the changes in nNOS, NO and NE upon the needle insertion at varying depths at the connecting point of three yin meridians of the hand. Methods : Needles were inserted into rats, on both left and right sides of the connecting point, including the LU7, HT5 and PC6 acupoints which are three yin meridians of the hand. After insertion, needles were retained for five minutes. Each acupuncture groups were treated acupuncture at each acupoint and at the depths of superficial, middle and deep layer. After the retention, blood was drawn via cardiac puncture, and tissues of each point near meridian vessel was extracted to examine the changes in the expression of nNOS, NO and NE. Results : Compared with the superficial layer group, nNOS production significantly decreased in the middle and deep layer at LU7 acupoint group and in the deep layer at HT5, PC6 acupoint group. The tissue NE decreased in the deep layer on PC6 acupoint and the plasma NE increased at the middle layer at LU7 acupoint group but decreased at the deep layer on at LU7 acupoint group. Conclusions : Acupuncture at connecting points of three yin meridians of the hand can regulate the activities of nNOS, and NE.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.2781-2785
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• 2016

Background: Matric metalloproteinase (MMP) 13 gene expression is increased in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCCs) and associated with increasing tumor invasion, lymph node involvement and decreased survival rates. Levels of the circulating enzyme may be elevated and used as a marker of tumor progression. In this study, clinical application of MMP-13 serum levels was evaluated for early detection, prediction of prognosis and survival time of ESCC patients. Materials and Methods: Serum levels of MMP13 were determined by ELISA in 66 ESCC patients prior of any treatment and 54 healthy controls for comparison with clinicopathological data through statistical analysis with Man Whitney U and Log-Rank tests. In addition, clinical value of MMP13 levels for diagnosis was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) test. Results: The serum level of MMP-13 in patients (>250 pg/ml) was significantly higher than in the control group (<100 pg/ml) (p value=0.004). Also the results showed a significant correlation between MMP-13 serum levels with tumor stage (p value = 0.003), depth of tumor invasion (p value=0.008), involvement of lymph nodes (p value = 0.011), tumor size (p value = 0.018) and survival time. While there were no significant correlation with grade and location of tumors. ROC analysis showed that MMP-13 level is an accurate diagnostic marker especially to differentiate pre-invasive/ invasive lesions from normal controls (sensitivity and specificity: 100%). Conclusions: These findings indicate a potential clinical significance of serum MMP13 measurement for early detection and prognostic assessment in ESCC patients.

• Journal of Korean language education
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.63-86
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• 2017

This research aims to evaluate the effects and the shortcomings of strategies for teaching paraphrasing to foreign university students. For this study, the effects of teaching paraphrasing skills on student's academic writing was investigated through the assessment of pre- and post-test writing tasks and through a focus group interview. The teaching of paraphrasing was divided into 3 instructional sessions and the focus group interview was conducted at the end of the last session. After each instructional session three trained assessors evaluated the outcomes of pre and post task writings; the in-depth focus group interviews were conducted on seven of the students in order to define better positive effects as well as shortcomings. By comparing the scores of pre- and post-task assignments it is possible to affirm that there is a meaningful difference for overall scores; moreover, in an analysis conducted on each single sub-element of the paraphrasing skill, it emerged that except for "task completion", all other four elements of "structure", "understanding core content", "change of expression" and "academic expressions" showed a statistically significant improvement in performance. On the other hand, as a result of the focus group interview, it was possible to individuate as main shortcomings insufficient vocabulary knowledge, poor overall comprehension of the reference material, lack of practice and difficulty in connect sentences organically. It is possible to consider these elements as limiting factors in understanding the reference material and making correct citations by the students. Therefore, we suggest as supplementary instructional strategies a deeper attention to the difficulty level of the text, the introduction of devices to understand better the content of the reference material and an integrated practice of the paraphrasing skill.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.297-334
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• 2018

This study focused on accomplishment of successful life development after discharge a child-care facility even though they had a variety of diversity in hard environment on their own past. Furthermore the research analyzed expression progress and detail information of resilience effect on twenty healthy members of society, who lived theirselves for more than 10 years at out of chid-care centers, based on grounded theory methodology participants. As written in the result section of the study, using the paradigm model analysis showed that it was caused by 'Practical planning for the future', 'Organization of positive meaning' and 'Understanding in another's shoe'. The contextual condition appeared as 'Self examination, 'Seeking anchor as ontology' and 'Natural intimacy among family members'. The centralization phenomenon came in 'Living philosophy of internal stabilities'. The intervention condition appeared as 'Rise up through the world' and 'faith all the world'. The action-interaction showed up as 'Strict self-discipline' and 'Growing up own family'. The consequence appeared as 'Making social family' and 'Being a someone's social mentor'. This research shows discussion in depth based on above analyzed result.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.87-107
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• 2021

The purpose of this research was to explore the phenomenon of object relations with musical instruments as experienced by professional Samulnori musicians. The researcher conducted in-depth individual interviews with five Samulnori players who also completed questionnaires with open-ended questions. The data were analyzed using Giorgi(2004)'s phenomenological methodology. The results offered 121 semantic units, seven subcategories, and three main categories. The three main categories were transitional object, object of expression and recognition of internal desires, and object for recognition of others and communication. These results suggest that the ensemble format of Samulnori promotes the development of the musician's object relationship and can externalize the player's internalized representational system and interaction method. This study is significant in that it reveals the endopsychic functional relationship between a musician and their instrument and provides the basis for the use of Samulnori instruments in music therapy.