• 한국식물병리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물병리학회 2002년도 총회 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.97.2-98
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• 2002

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.39-44
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• 2020

The aim of this study is to investigate how the gut microbiome shifts when pigs were exposed with low concentrations of mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in feed. Fifteen of pigs, 15 kg in weight which were negative for PRRSV and PCV2 were purchased, acclimatized until 20 kg in weight, and randomly divided into 3 groups; the DON group (DON treated), the ZEN group (ZEN treated) and the CTL (untreated negative control). DON and ZEN administered to each group for 30 days at 0.8 mg/kg (800 ppb) and 0.20 mg/kg (200 ppb) in feed, respectively. After extraction of microbial DNA from intestine and fecal samples, sequencing procedures were performed in the Ion PGM using an Ion 316 V2 chip and Ion PGM sequencing 400 kit. The results suggested that the bacterial communities in duodenum, jejunum and ileum of the DON and ZEN groups presented low-abundant OTUs compared with the CTL group. OTUs in cecum, colon and feces were determined more than in small intestine of all three groups. However, the CTL group yielded more OTUs than other two groups in inter-group comparison. It is not fully clarified how the richness and abundance in microbiome functions in the health condition of animals, however, the exposure to DON and ZEN has caused microbial population shifts representing microbial succession and changes following the diversity and abundance of porcine gut microbiome. The metabolomic analysis correlate with microbiome analysis is needed for further study.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.347-355
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• 2018

Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium species is a major disease of wheat and barley around the world. FHB causes yield reductions and contamination of grains with trichothecene mycotoxins including; nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON). The objectives of this study were to identify strains of F. graminearum isolated in Korea from 2012-harvested wheat grain and to test the pathogenicity of these NIV- and DON-producing isolates. Three hundred and four samples of wheat grain, harvested in 2012 in Chungnam, Chungbuk, Gyeongnam, Jeonbuk, Jeonnam, and Gangwon provinces were collected. We recovered 44 isolates from the 304 samples, based on the PCR amplification of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA region and sequencing. Our findings indicate that F. asiaticum was the predominant (95% of all isolates) species in Korea. We recovered both F. asiaticum and F. graminearum from samples collected in Chungnam province. Of the 44 isolates recovered, 36 isolates had a NIV genotype while 8 isolates belonged to the DON genotype (3-ADON and 15-ADON). In order to characterize the pathogenicity of the strains collected, disease severity was assessed visually on various greenhouse-grown wheat cultivars inoculated using both NIV- and DON-producing isolates. Our results suggest that Korean F. graminearum isolates from wheat belong to F. asiaticum producing NIV, and both F. graminearum and F. asiaticum are not significantly different on virulence in wheat cultivars.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.33-42
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• 2014

Nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are predominant Fusarium-producing mycotoxins found in grains, which are mainly produced by Fusarium asiaticum and F. graminearum. NIV is found in most of cereals grown in Korea, but the genetic basis for NIV production by F. asiaticum has not been extensively explored. In this study, 12 genes belonging to the trichothecene biosynthetic gene cluster were compared at the transcriptional level between two NIV-producing F. asiaticum and four DON-producing F. graminearum strains. Chemical analysis revealed that time-course toxin production patterns over 14 days did not differ between NIV and DON strains, excluding F. asiaticum R308, which was a low NIV producer. Both quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Northern analysis revealed that the majority of TRI gene transcripts peaked at day 2 in both NIV and DON producers, which is 2 days earlier than trichothecene accumulation in liquid medium. Comparison of the gene expression profiles identified an NIV-specific pattern in two transcription factor-encoding TRI genes (TRI6 and TRI10) and TRI101, which showed two gene expression peaks during both the early and late incubation periods. In addition, the amount of trichothecenes produced by both DON and NIV producers were correlated with the expression levels of TRI genes, regardless of the trichothecene chemotypes. Therefore, the reduced production of NIV by R308 compared to NIV or DON by the other strains may be attributable to the significantly lower expression levels of the TRI genes, which showed early expression patterns.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.558-569
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• 2020

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating fungal disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The lack of genetic resources with stable FHB resistance combined with a reliable and rapid screening method to evaluate FHB resistance is a major limitation to the development of FHB resistant wheat germplasm. The present study utilized an immature wheat spike culture method to screen wheat spike culture derived variants (SCDV) for FHB resistance. Mycotoxin concentrations determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) correlated significantly (P < 0.01) with FHB severity and disease progression during in vitro spike culture. Selected SCDV lines assessed for FHB resistance in a Fusarium field disease nursery in Carman, Manitoba, Canada in 2016 showed significant (P < 0.01) correlation of disease severity to the in vitro spike culture screening method. Selected resistant SCDV lines were also crossed with an elite cv. CDC Hughes and the progeny of F₂ and BC₁F₂ were screened by high resolution melt curve (HRM) analyses for the wheat UDP-glucosyl transferase gene (TaUGT-3B) single nucleotide polymorphism to identify resistant (T-allele) and susceptible (G-allele) markers. The progeny from the crosses were also screened for FHB severity using the immature spike culture method and identified resistant progeny grouped according to the HRM genotyping data. The results demonstrate a reliable approach using the immature spike culture to screen for FHB resistance in progeny of crosses in early stage of breeding programs.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.455-464
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• 2021

Forty-eight spring barley genotypes were evaluated for deoxynivalenol (DON) concentration under natural infection across 5 years at Harrington, Prince Edward Island. These genotypes were also evaluated for Fusarium head blight (FHB) severity and DON concentration under field nurseries with artificial inoculation of Fusarium graminearum by the grain spawn method across 2 years at Ottawa, Ontario, and one year at Hangzhou, China. Additionally, these genotypes were also evaluated for FHB severity under greenhouse conditions with artificial inoculation of F. graminearum by conidial suspension spray method across 3 years at Ottawa, Ontario. The objective of the study was to investigate if reactions of barley genotypes to artificial FHB inoculation correlate with reactions to natural FHB infection. DON concentration under natural infection was positively correlated with DON concentration (r = 0.47, P < 0.01) and FHB incidence (r = 0.56, P < 0.01) in the artificially inoculated nursery with grain spawn method. Therefore, the grain spawn method can be used to effectively screen for low DON. FHB severity, generated from greenhouse spray, however, was not correlated with DON concentration (r = 0.12, P > 0.05) under natural infection and it was not correlated with DON concentration (r = -0.23, P > 0.05) and FHB incidence (r = 0.19, P > 0.05) in the artificially inoculated nursery with grain spawn method. FHB severity, DON concentration, and yield were affected by year, genotype, and the genotype × year interaction. The effectiveness of greenhouse spray inoculation for indirect selection for low DON concentration requires further studies. Nine of the 48 genotypes were found to contain low DON under natural infection. Island barley had low DON and also had high yield.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.1230-1242
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• 2018

곰팡이독소는 곰팡이의 2차 대사산물로 동물용 원료사료 중에서 특히 곡물 및 곡물부산물에서 가장 흔하게 발생한다. 돼지는 곰팡이독소에 대한 감수성이 다른 동물에 비해 높은 것으로 알려져 있다. 아플라톡신, 디옥시니발레놀 및 제랄레논은 동물용 원료사료에서 가장 흔하게 발생하는 곰팡이독소이며, 국내 외에서 허용기준을 설정하여 관리하고 있다. 곰팡이독소는 종류에 따라 서로 다른 독성작용을 가지지만 모두 면역체계를 표적으로 하며, 최종적으로 돼지의 성장저하를 초래한다. 따라서 곰팡이독소에 의한 피해를 최소화하기 위한 다양한 대책이 필요하다. 일반적으로 곰팡이독소에 오염된 사료를 섭취한 돼지는 사료섭취량이 감소하며, 그 결과 증체량 저하가 발생한다. 사료섭취량 감소로 인한 필수영양소의 불충분한 공급은 영양소함량을 강화시킨 사료를 급여함으로써 증체량 감소를 최소화할 수 있다. 또한 곰팡이독소 저감제를 이용하여 곰팡이독소에 의한 피해를 저감시킬 수 있으나, 곰팡이독소의 종류 및 농도, 환경적 요인, 저감제의 종류 등에 따라 저감제 사용 효과에 대한 변이가 존재한다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.142-149
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 면류에서 면역친화컬럼을 이용한 데옥시니발레놀의 HPLC분석법을 검증하고, 분석과정에서 발생될 수 있는 불확도를 GUM 지침에 따라 측정하였다. 검출한 계와 정량한계는 7.5 ${\mu}g$/kg과 18.8 ${\mu}g$/kg이었고 검량선은 20~500 ${\mu}g$/kg 농도범위 에서 0.9999의 높은 상관성을 보였다. 대표적인 밀 가공품인 건면과 라면에 데옥시니 발레놀을 200 ${\mu}g$/kg과 500 ${\mu}g$/kg을 첨가하여 회수율과 반복성올 측정한 결과, 건면에서는 $82{\pm}2.7%$와 $87{\pm}1.3%$의 결과를 얻었고, 라면에서는 $97{\pm}1.6%$와 $91{\pm}12.0%$로 측정되었다. 한편, 불확도 측정을 위한 첫 단계로, 분석과정에서의 불확도 요인은 시료량 측정, 최종 시료부피, 보관표준용액, 작업표준용액, 표준용액, 기기, 매질, 검량선 작성으로 구분하였다. 불확도 요인의 구성요인은 저울의 안정성, 분해능, 재현성, 표준물질의 순도, 분자량, 농도, 표준용액 희석, 검량선, 회수율 및 분석기기의 재현성 풍이 작용하였다. 건면과 라면에 데옥시니발레놀을 200과 500 ${\mu}g$/kg을 첨가하여 분석한 결과 건면에서는 $163.8{\pm}52.1\;{\mu}g$/kg, $435.2{\pm}91.6\;{\mu}g$/kg으로 측정되었고 라면에서는 $194.3{\pm}33.0\;{\mu}g$/kg, $453.2{\pm}91.1\;{\mu}g$/kg으로 측정되었다. 확장불확도는 합성표준불확도에 포함인자(k=2, 신뢰수준 95%)를 곱하여 산출하였다. 건면과 라면에서 데옥시니발레놀을 분석함에 있어 불확도에 영향을 주는 주요인자는 시료의 회수율과 검량선 작성인 것으로 파악되었다. 따라서 면류 시료에서 데옥시니발레놀 것으로 분석의 정밀성을 높이기 위해서는 회수율과 검량선 작성에 영향을 끼칠 수 있는 분석과정을 확인하고 오차를 최소화 할 수 있는 방안을 모색해야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 식품기술
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.115-120
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• 1997

면역분석법(immunoassay)은 aflatoxin류, deoxynivalenol(DON), zearalenone(ZEA), fumonisin류 등을 포함하는 다양한 진균독소분석에 적용되고 있다. 이들 분석법을 이용하여 여러 종류의 matrix내에 존재하는 물질들을 분석할 수 있다. 그리고 많은 시료를 빨리 분석해야 하는 경우에 이 방법이 적용되고 있다. 상업적인 면역화학적 분석키트들은 흔히 검출감도(sensitivity), 특이성(specificity), 재현성(reproducibility), 비용(cost), 안정성(stability), 편리성(ease of use)등의 관점에서 평가된다. 실험실적으로 품질보증을 위하여 표준곡선과 양성대조구 등에 대한 사전 검토가 필수적이다. 또한 높은 농도의 분석물의 경우에는 matrix에서 기인한 간섭때문이 아닌지를 구분하는 것도 중요하다. 본문에서 곡류와 곡류가공품 및 특정의 감시대상물 질내 aflatoxin류, DON, ZEA 그리고 fumonisin류와 같은 진균독소의 분석에 면역화학적 방법을 사용하여 얻어진 공동연구의 결과에 대한 해석기준이 제시된다. 또한 yes/no로 구분해야 하는 정성시험의 결과해석에 필요한 기준이 제시된다. 진균독소의 면역분석법을 평가하기 위한 몇몇기준들과 그 방법들을 감시도구로 사용하는 예는, 식품중의 잔류농약을 검출하기 위한 접근방법과 유사한 모델로서 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.418-424
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• 1998

The production of 8-ketotrichothecenes, deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), and their monoacetyl derivatives was studied in rice and corn cultures using 8 isolates of Fusarium graminearum which were obtained from corn and barley samples. Higher concentrations of trichothecenes were produced on rice than corn, and production of the toxins on rice was enhanced by growing the fungi at $25^{\circ}C$. The isolates were used for evaluation of toxin production and pathogenicity after artificial inoculation to 5 corn and 3 barley cultivars. The kinds and the relative amounts of trichothecenes produced in cultures were consistent with those in infected kernels of corn and barley with some exceptions. As for DON chemotypes, the ratios of 15-acetyl-DON to 3-acetyl-DON were varied among the pathogen-cultivar interactions. The corn and barley cultivars showed the significant differences of resistance to the Fusarium isolates in disease severity and seedling blight, and resistance ranking to the different isolates was varied. However, significant correlations were observed between the total concentrations of trichothecenes in infected kernels of corn and barley and pathogenicities of the Fusarium isolates to the hosts.