• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.233-244
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• 2023

Purpose: An implant-supported prosthesis consists of an implant fixture, an abutment, an internal screw that connects the abutment to the implant fixture, and the upper prosthesis. Numerous studies have investigated the microorganisms present on the implant surface, surrounding tissues, and the subgingival microflora associated with peri-implantitis. However, there is limited information regarding the microbiome within the internal screw space. In this study, microbial samples were collected from the supragingival surfaces of natural teeth, the peri-implant sulcus, and the implant-abutment screw hole, in order to characterize the microbiome of the internal screw space in healthy subjects. Methods: Samples were obtained from the supragingival region of natural teeth, the peri-implant sulcus, and the implant screw hole in 20 healthy subjects. DNA was extracted, and the V3-V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA was sequenced for microbiome analysis. Alpha diversity, beta diversity, linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe), and network analysis were employed to compare the characteristics of the microbiomes. Results: We observed significant differences in beta diversity among the samples. Upon analyzing the significant taxa using LEfSe, the microbial composition of the implant-abutment screw hole's microbiome was found to be similar to that of the other sampling sites' microbiomes. Moreover, the microbiome network analysis revealed a unique network complexity in samples obtained from the implant screw hole compared to those from the other sampling sites. Conclusions: The bacterial composition of the biofilm collected from the implant-abutment screw hole exhibited significant differences compared to the supra-structure of the implant. Therefore, long-term monitoring and management of not only the peri-implant tissue but also the implant screw are necessary.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.446-453
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• 2020

이 연구의 목적은 Indocyanine Green(ICG)과 근적외선(Near Infrared, NIR) 다이오드 레이저가 Streptococcus mutans 세균막에 미치는 효과를 ICG 용액의 농도에 따라 평가하는 것이었다. Hydroxyapatite disk에 S. mutans 세균막을 형성하여 멸균 증류수에 용해시킨 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 mg/mL의 ICG 용액과 300 mW의 출력, 808 nm의 파장을 가지는 NIR 다이오드 레이저를 적용하였다. 모든 표본은 공초점 레이저 주사 현미경(Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, CLSM)을 이용하여 관찰하였다. 또한 1채널 열전대 온도계와 Thermocouple을 이용하여 광조사 시에 ICG 용액의 농도에 따른 세균막 표면의 온도 변화를 함께 측정하였다. 대조군과 비교 시에 ICG 용액 만을 도포한 군에서는 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 mg/mL의 농도에서, 그리고 ICG 용액의 도포와 광조사를 함께 시행한 군에서는 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 mg/mL의 농도에서 통계적으로 유의한 세균 수의 감소가 관찰되었다. 용액의 농도에 따른 온도 증가량은 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 mg/mL의 ICG 용액에서 각각 9.53℃, 10.43℃, 11.4℃, 12.1℃, 12.67℃, 13.63℃ 이었다. 즉, ICG 용액의 농도가 3.0 mg/mL이면 그 자체로도 S. mutans 세균막을 억제할 수는 있으나, NIR 다이오드 레이저를 함께 사용하면 주변 조직 손상의 우려 없이 더 효율적인 항균 작용을 나타낼 수 있다. 따라서, 이번 연구는 새로운 치아 우식증 예방법으로 ICG와 NIR 다이오드 레이저의 임상적 적용의 가능성을 제시한다.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.659-665
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• 2015

DCU의 물을 관리하는 다양한 방법들 중 치과용 유니트를 사용하기 전 수관 물 빼기 방법이 가장 사용이 쉽고 간단하기 때문에, 미국질병관리본부와 미국치과의사협회에서 환자 진료 전후에 20~30초 동안 물을 미리 배출시킬 것을 권장하고 있다. 하지만, 수관 물 빼기의 권장 시간인 20~30초와 관련한 과학적 근거가 명확하지 않고, 20~30초 이외의 시간 동안 수관 물 빼기 효과를 확인한 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구의 목적은 권장시간인 20~30초뿐만아니라 이보다 더 짧거나 긴 시간 동안 치과용 유니트 수관 물 빼기를 수행한 후 각 시간별 오염 세균 수의 감소 정도를 조사하여 20~30초 권장시간의 적절성을 확인하고 더 효과적인 수관 물 빼기 시간이 있는지를 조사하는 것이다. 물 시료 수집은 치과대학 학생 실습 시뮬레이션실 내 치과용 유니트를 대상으로 수행하였다. 7개 치과용 유니트의 초음파치석제거기에서 15분 동안 수관 물 빼기를 진행하면서 30초 간격으로 배출되는 물을 수집하였다. 추가적으로 5개의 치과용 유니트에서는 1분 동안 물을 배출시키면서 10초 간격으로 물을 수집하였다. 물 시료 내 오염 세균 수는 R2A agar 배지에 수집된 물을 도말한 후 배양하여 확인하였다. 7개의 치과용 유니트에서 최대 15분 동안 물을 배출시켰을 때 치과용 유니트의 오염 수준이 200 CFU/ml 이하로 감소되지 않았다. 추가적으로 5개의 치과용 유니트에서 1분 동안 10초 간격으로 배출되는 물을 수집하여 세균 수를 확인하였을 때 10초 동안 수관 물 빼기를 한 후 세균 수 감소율은 평균 63%였고, 20초 동안 수관 물 빼기를 한 후 세균 수 감소율은 평균 84%였다. 본 실험의 결론은 다음과 같다: 첫째, 수관 물빼기의 권장시간인 20~30초뿐만아니라 최대 15분 동안 수관 물 빼기를 시행하는 것은 권장수준(${\leq}200CFU/ml$)으로 세균 오염도를 감소시킬 수 없었다. 둘째, 수관 물 빼기의 권장 시간인 20~30초보다 짧게 10초 동안 수관 물 빼기를 하는 것도 세균 수 감소에 효과가 있었다. 셋째, 치과용 유니트 내 물의 세균 오염수준을 권장 수준으로 유지시키기 위해서는 수관 물 빼기와 함께 주기적으로 화학 소독제로 치과용 유니트 수관을 소독하는 것이 필요하다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.84-95
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• 2016

Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a dietary flavonoid, kaempferol, which has been shown to possess antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and antioxidant activities on the periodontium by histomorphometric analysis and on gingival tissue matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), MMP-8, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) by biochemical analysis of rats after experimental periodontitis induction. Methods: Sixty Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups of ten rats each, and silk ligatures were placed around the cervical area of the mandibular first molars for 15 days, except in the healthy control rats. In the experimental periodontitis groups, systemic kaempferol (10 mg/kg/2d) and saline were administered by oral gavage at two different periods (with and without the presence of dental biofilm) to all rats except for the ten non-medicated rats. Alveolar bone area, alveolar bone level, and attachment level were determined by histomorphometric analysis, and gingival tissue levels of MMP-1, MMP-8, and TIMP-2 were detected by biochemical analysis. Results: Significantly greater bone area and significantly less alveolar bone and attachment loss were observed in the kaempferol application groups compared to the control groups (P<0.05). In addition, gingival tissue MMP-1 and -8 levels were significantly lower in the kaempferol application groups compared to the control groups and the periodontitis group (P<0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in TIMP-2 levels between the kaempferol and saline application groups (P>0.05). Conclusions: Kaempferol application may be useful in decreasing alveolar bone resorption, attachment loss, and MMP-1 and -8 production in experimental periodontitis.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.139-148
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• 2009

Purpose: Ultrasonic scalers have been widely used for removing biofilm which is considered as major etiologic factor of periodontal disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of working parameters of piezoeletric ultrasonic scaler with scaler tip (No. 1 tip) on casting gold alloy removal. Methods: Type III dental casting gold alloy (Firmilay$^{circledR}$, Jelenko Inc, CA, USA) was used as substitute for tooth substance. Piezoeletric ultrasonic scaler and No.1 scaler tip (P-Max$^{circledR}$, Satelec, France) were selected. The selected working parameters were mode (P mode, S mode), power setting (2, 4, 8) and lateral force (0.5 N, 1.0 N, 2.0 N). The effect of working parameters was evaluated in terms of ablation depth, ablation width and ablation area. Results: Mode influenced ablation depth and ablation area. Power also influenced ablation depth and ablation area. Especially, Power 2 and power 8 showed statistically significant difference. Lateral force had influence on ablation width, and 0.5 N resulted significant increase compared with 1.0 N and 2.0 N. Ablation depth was influenced by mode, power and lateral force and defect width was influenced by lateral force. Ablation area was influenced by mode and power. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the use of piezoelectric ultrasonic scaler with No. 1 scaler tip in S mode and high power may result in significant loss of tooth substance.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.251-259
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• 2020

Purpose: This randomized controlled study aimed to evaluate the effects of an electric toothbrush with 3 colors of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on antiplaque and bleeding control. Methods: This randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, parallel-group clinical trial included 50 healthy adults with gingivitis, who were randomly assigned to 2 groups. The experimental group used electric toothbrushes with 3 colors of LEDs and the control group used the same electric toothbrush as the experimental group, but with LED sources with one-hundredth of the strength. The subjects used the electric toothbrush 3 times a day for 4 minutes each time. As clinical indices, bleeding on marginal probing (BOMP), the Löe-Silness gingival index (GI), and the Turesky-Quigley-Hein plaque index (QHI) were assessed at baseline, at 3 weeks, and at 6 weeks. Results: There were significant decreases in all clinical indices (BOMP, GI, QHI) in both the experimental and control groups compared to baseline at 3 weeks and at 6 weeks. In a comparison between the experimental and control groups, no statistically significant differences were observed for any clinical indices at 3 weeks (P>0.05). However, at 6 weeks, statistically significant differences were observed between the experimental and control groups in BOMP and GI, which are indicators of gingival inflammation (P<0.05). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that an electric toothbrush combined with 3-color LEDs reduced gingival bleeding and inflammation after 6 weeks.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.7-13
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• 2016

Objectives : Camellia sinensis (Theaceae) possesses a various beneficial effects such as free radical-scavenging, inactivation of urokinase in cancer cell proliferation, antibacterial, and hypotensive. Dental caries is one of the most common oral infectious disease in a human. Oral microorganisms play a significant role in the etiology of dental caries. An aberration to this ecology due to dietary habits, improper oral hygiene or systemic factors lead to an increase in cariogenic microorganisms. Cariogenic microorganisms like Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus encourage the accumulation and adherence of plaque biofilm by metabolizing sucrose into glucans. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of phenolic compounds of Camellia sinensis and R-carvone, monoterpenes, is can be found naturally in numerous essential oils, on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus .Methods : The antimicrobial activity of these compounds was determined by the broth microdilution method and checkerboard dilution assay to investigate the potential synergistic effects of each five compounds of Camellia sinensis (C. sinensis) and R-carvone.Results : C. sinensis-isolated compounds and R-carvone were determined with MIC of more than 1,000 ㎍/mL. However, the combination test showed significant synergism against S. mutans and S. sobrinus, implicated in the lowered MICs.Conclusions : These results suggest that combinatory application of phenolic five compounds (theophyllin, l-theanine, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, and caffeine) from C. sinensis and R-carvone has a potential synergistic effect and thus may be useful as a mouthrinse in helping control cariogenic microorganism.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.22-27
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• 2017

Objectives: Dental plaque is composed of 700 bacterial species. It is known that some oral microorganisms produce porphyrin, and thus, they emit red fluorescence when illuminated with blue light at a specific wavelength of <410 nm. Porphyromonas gingivalis belongs to the genus Porphyromonas, which is characterized by the production of porphyrin. The aim of this study was to evaluate red fluorescence emission of some oral microorganisms interacting with P. gingivalis. Methods: Five bacterial strains (P. gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Fusobacterium nucleatum) were used for this study. Tryptic soy agar medium supplemented with hemin, vitamin K3, and sheep blood was used as a growth medium. The fluorescence emission of bacterial colonies was evaluated under 405 nm-wavelength blue light using a Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence Digital (QLF-D) camera system. Each bacterium was cultured alone and co-cultured in close proximity with P. gingivalis. The red/green (R/G) ratio of fluorescence image was calculated and the differences of R/G ratio according to each growth condition were compared using the Mann-Whitney test (P<0.05). Results: Single cultured S. mutans, L. casei and A. naeslundii colonies emitted red fluorescence (R/G ratio=$2.15{\pm}0.06$, $4.31{\pm}0.17$, $5.52{\pm}1.29$, respectively). Fusobacterium nucleatum colonies emitted green fluorescence (R/G ratio=$1.36{\pm}0.06$). The R/G ratios of A. naeslundii and F. nucleatum were increased when P. gingivalis was co-cultured with each bacterium (P<0.05). In contrast, the R/G ratios of S. mutans and L. casei were decreased when P. gingivalis was co-cultured with each bacterium (P=0.002, 0.003). Conclusions: This study confirmed that P. gingivalis could affect the red fluorescence of other oral bacteria under 405 nm-wavelength blue light. Our findings concluded that P. gingivalis has an important role for red fluorescence emission of dental biofilm.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.55-63
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• 2024

목적: 이 연구의 목적은 거친 티타늄 표면에 형성된 Staphylococcus aureus 바이오필름에 대해 인도시아닌 그린을 활용한 광역학치료(photodynamic therapy; PDT)의 항미생물 효과를 평가하고, 이를 임상에서 널리 사용되는 다른 화학 처치 방법과 비교하는 것이다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 멸균된 거친 표면 티타늄 디스크에 S. aureus ATCC 25923을 접종한 후 48시간 동안 배양하여 바이오필름을 형성하였다. 실험은 대조군, 클로르헥시딘군(CHX), 테트라싸이클린군(TC), 인도시아닌 그린군(ICG), 인도시아닌 그린을 활용한 광역학치료군(ICG-PDT)으로 구분하여 진행하였다. 군에 따른 처리 후 세균을 배양하여 세균 수(colony forming unit; CFU)를 계산하고, 바이오필름을 공초점 현미경을 통해 분석하였다. 통계 분석은 CFU값을 로그값으로 변환한 후 분산 분석을 시행하였다. 결과: 모든 실험군은 대조군과 비교하여 유의한 항미생물 효과를 나타냈으며(P < 0.05), 특히 CHX, TC, PDT 군에서 90% 이상의 유의한 효과를 보였다(P < 0.01). CHX 군은 TC, PDT 군과 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나(P > 0.05), PDT 군은 TC보다 유의하게 효과적이었다(P = 0.035). 공초점현미경 상에서 PDT 군에서 사균의 비율이 더 높게 관찰되었다. 결론: 이번 연구를 통해 인도시아닌 그린을 활용한 광역학치료가 SLA 티타늄 표면에 형성된 S. aureus 바이오필름 제거에 있어 효과적임을 확인하였다.