Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.17135/jdhs.2015.15.5.659

Effects of Flushing in Dental Unit Waterlines on the Bacterial Contamination Level  

Yoon, Hye Young (Department of Oral Microbiology, College of Dentistry, Research Institute of Oral Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University)
Lee, Si Young (Department of Oral Microbiology, College of Dentistry, Research Institute of Oral Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University)
Publication Information
Journal of dental hygiene science / v.15, no.5, 2015 , pp. 659-665 More about this Journal
Abstract
A wide variety of methods have been used to control Dental Unit Waterline (DUWL) contamination. Among the methods, flushing is mainly used because it is simple and easy to use. Generally, flushing of DUWL for 20 or 30 sec before using high speed handpieces or scalers is recommended. However, the appropriateness of flushing time was not investigated thoroughly. The purpose of this study was to check the effective time of flushing for decreasing bacterial contamination. Seven dental unit chairs were randomly selected in student clinical simulation laboratory for this experiment. DUWLs were continuously flushed and water samples were collected at an interval of 30 seconds for 15 minutes. From five dental unit chairs, water samples were collected every 10 seconds for 1 minute. Bacterial levels in water samples were examined by the culture method on R2A plates. After 10 second flushing of DUWLs, the number of bacteria significantly reduced and decreased continuously up to 40 seconds. However, even after the water was flushed for 15 minutes, the bacterial contamination level was not reduced below recommended bacteria level, 200 CFU/ml. In addition to flushing, the periodic chemical disinfection is required to control the DUWL water to the recommended level.
Keywords
Biofilm; Decontamination; Flushing; Water microbiology; Water quality;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Walker JT, Bradshaw DJ, Finney M et al.: Microbiological evaluation of dental unit water systems in general dental practice in europe. Eur J Oral Sci 112: 412-418, 2004.   DOI
2 Williams JF, Johnston AM, Johnson B, Huntington MK, Mackenzie CD: Microbial contamination of dental unit waterlines: Prevalence, intensity and microbiological characteristics. J Am Dent Assoc 124: 59-65, 1993.
3 Lee BM, Kim CW, Kim YS: A study on the microbial contamination of dental unit and ultrasonic scaler. J Korean Acad Prosthodont 36: 64-80, 1998.
4 Walker JT, Bradshaw DJ, Bennett AM, Fulford MR, Martin MV, Marsh PD: Microbial biofilm formation and contamination of dental-unit water systems in general dental practice. Appl Environ Microbiol 66: 3363-3367, 2000.   DOI
5 Barbeau J, Tanguay R, Faucher E, et al.: Multiparametric analysis of waterline contamination in dental units. Appl Environ Microbiol 62: 3954-3959, 1996.
6 Uzel A, Cogulu D, Oncag O: Microbiological evaluation and antibiotic susceptibility of dental unit water systems in general dental practice. Int J Dent Hyg 6: 43-47, 2008.   DOI
7 Yoon HY, Lee SY: Bacterial contamination of dental unit water systems in a student clinical simulation laboratory of college of dentistry. J Dent Hyg Sci 2: 232-237, 2015.
8 Martin MV: The significance of the bacterial contamination of dental unit water systems. Br Dent J 163: 152-154, 1987.   DOI
9 Atlas RM, Williams JF, Huntington MK: Legionella contamination of dental-unit waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 61: 1208-1213, 1995.
10 Kohn WG, Harte JA, Malvitz DM et al.: Guidelines for infection control in dental health care settings-2003. J Am Dent Assoc 135: 33-47, 2004.   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Schulze-Robbecke R, Feldmann C, Fischeder R, Janning B, Exner M, Wahl G: Dental units: An environmental study of sources of potentially pathogenic mycobacteria. Tuber Lung Dis 76: 318-323, 1995.   DOI
12 Porteous NB, Redding SW, Jorgensen JH: Isolation of non-tuberculosis mycobacteria in treated dental unit waterlines. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 98: 40-44, 2004.   DOI
13 Ma'ayeh SY, Al-Hiyasat AS, Hindiyeh MY, Khader YS: Legionella pneumophila contamination of a dental unit water line system in a dental teaching centre. Int J Dent Hyg 6: 48-55, 2008.   DOI
14 Al-Hiyasat AS, Ma'ayeh SY, Hindiyeh MY, Khader YS: The presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the dental unit waterline systems of teaching clinics. Int J Dent Hyg 5: 36-44, 2007.   DOI
15 Shearer BG: Biofilm and the dental office. J Am Dent Assoc 127: 181-189, 1996.   DOI
16 Whitehouse RL, Peters E, Lizotte J, Lilge C: Influence of biofilms on microbial contamination in dental unit water. J Dent 19: 290-295, 1991.   DOI
17 Scheid RC, Kim CK, Bright JS, Whitely MS, Rosen S: Reduction of microbes in handpieces by flushing before use. J Am Dent Assoc 105: 658-660, 1982.   DOI
18 Williams HN, Baer ML, Kelley JI: Contribution of biofilm bacteria to the contamination of the dental unit water supply. J Am Dent Assoc 126: 1255-1260, 1995.   DOI
19 Mayo JA, Oertling KM, Andrieu SC: Bacterial biofilm: A source of contamination in dental air-water syringes. Clin Prev Dent 12: 13-20, 1990.
20 Cobb CM, Martel CR, McKnight SA 3rd, Pasley-Mowry C, Ferguson BL, Williams K: How does time-dependent dental unit waterline flushing affect planktonic bacteria levels? J Dent Educ 66: 549-555, 2002.
21 Rice EW, Baird RB, Eaton AD, Clesceri LS: Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 22 ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C., 2012.
22 Kettering JD, Munoz-Viveros CA, Stephens JA, Naylor WP, Zhang W: Reducing bacterial counts in dental unit waterlines: Distilled water vs. antimicrobial agents. J Calif Dent Assoc 30: 735-741, 2002.
23 Shepherd PA, Shojaei MA, Eleazer PD, Van Stewart A, Staat RH: Clearance of biofilms from dental unit waterlines through the use of hydroperoxide ion-phase transfer catalysts. Quintessence Int 32: 755-761, 2001.
24 Porteous N, Sun Y, Dang S, Schoolfield J: A comparison of 2 laboratory methods to test dental unit waterline water quality. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 77: 206-208, 2013.   DOI
25 Karpay RI, Plamondon TJ, Mills SE: Comparison of methods to enumerate bacteria in dental unit water lines. Curr Microbiol 38: 132-134, 1999.   DOI
26 Reasoner DJ: Heterotrophic plate count methodology in the united states. Int J Food Microbiol 92: 307-315, 2004.   DOI
27 Reasoner DJ, Geldreich EE: A new medium for the enumeration and subculture of bacteria from potable water. Appl Environ Microbiol 49: 1-7, 1985.
28 Bartoloni JA, Porteous NB, Zarzabal LA: Measuring the validity of two in-office water test kits. J Am Dent Assoc 137: 363-371, 2006.   DOI