• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.155-161
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• 1991

The mechanisms of demyelination in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced chronic central nervous system(CNS) disease are still unclear and are probably multifactoral. This study was intended to culture spinal cord cells isolated from TMEV-induced demyelinating mice. By Percoll density centrifugation of enzymatically dissociated tissue, the cells were collected and then cultured on poly-L-lysine-coated plastic coverslips for 2 weeks. Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and macrophages were identified using cell-type specific markers. Viral antigens were not present in oligodendrocytes and in astrocytes by double immunofluorescence. Affected mouse oligodendrocytes had less capacities of sheet formation and galactocerebroside immunoreactivity than those of control cell 3. These findings support the hypothesis that immune mediated mechanisms play an important role in the process of demyelination in this animal model.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1212-1217
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• 2017

We constructed a population of myelinated cells with co-culture of neuronal cells and Schwann cells from DRG. Schwann cells and neuronal cells were isolated from dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in embryos of rat in vitro respectively. The cultured Schwann cells and cultured neuronal cells, respectively were co-cultured in a same plate. This procedure contains following four steps: first step of suspension of the embryonic dorsal root ganglion cells, second step of addition of anti-mitoticcocktail, third step of purification of dorsal root cells, and fourth step of addition of Schwann cells to dorsal root ganglion cells. These cells were performed accomplishment of myelination. This myelinated co-culture system was infected by Semliki forest virus and then induced demyelination processing in this myelinated co-culture. We identified myelination and demyelination processing using antibody of peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP 22) meaning presence of myelinated neuron.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.267-272
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• 2014

Objective : Differentiation of demyelination in white matter from axonal damage can be determined using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). In this study using meningioma patients an attempt was made to evaluate the relationship between preoperative weakness and the changes of diffusion parameters in the corticospinal tract (CST) using DTI. Methods : Twenty-six patients with meningioma were enrolled in this study. Eleven of them suffered from objective motor weakness and were classified as Group 1. The remaining 15 patients did not present motor weakness and were classified as Group 2. Fiber tractography and CST diffusion parameters were obtained using DTIStudio. The ratios (lesion side mean value/contralateral side mean value) of CST diffusion parameters were compared with 1.0 as a test value using a one-sample t-test. Results : In Group 1, fractional anisotropy (FA), tensor trace (TT), and radial diffusivity (RD, ${\lambda}2$ and ${\lambda}3$) of the CST were significantly different between two hemispheres, but axial diffusivity (AD, ${\lambda}1$) of the CST was not significantly different between two hemispheres. In Group 2, FA and ${\lambda}3$ of CST did not differ significantly between the hemispheres. In Group 2, TT, ${\lambda}1$, and ${\lambda}2$ of CST in the ipsilateral hemisphere were significantly higher than those of the unaffected hemisphere. However, the differences were small. Conclusion : Motor weakness was related to a low FA and high TT resulting from increased RD of the CST fibers. CST diffusion changes in patients with weakness are similar to those for demyelination.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

The proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ($^1H-MRS$) is a tool used to detect concentrations of brain metabolites such as N-acetyl aspartate, choline, creatine, glutamate, and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA). It has been widely used because it does not require additional devices other than the conventional magnetic resonance scanner and coils. Demyelination, or the neuronal damage due to loss of myelin sheath, is one of the common pathologic processes in many diseases including multiple sclerosis, leukodystrophy, encephalomyelitis, and other forms of autoimmune diseases. Rodent models mimicking human demyelinating diseases have been induced by using virus (e.g., Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus) or toxins (e.g., cuprizon or lysophosphatidyl choline). This review is an overview of the MRS findings on brain metabolites in demyelination with a specific focus on rodent models.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.436-446
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• 2018

Background: The potential therapeutic values of Korean Red Ginseng extract (KRGE) in autoimmune disorders of nervous system have not been fully investigated. Methods: We used an acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animal model of multiple sclerosis and determined the effects and mechanism of KRGE on spinal myelination. Results: Pretreatment with KRGE (100 mg/kg, orally) for 10 days before immunization with myelin basic protein $(MBP)_{68-82}$ peptide exerted a protective effect against demyelination in the spinal cord, with inhibited recruitment and activation of immune cells including microglia, decreased mRNA expression of detrimental inflammatory mediators (interleukin-6, interferon-${\gamma}$, and cyclooxygenase-2), but increased mRNA expression of protective inflammatory mediators (insulin-like growth factor ${\beta}1$, transforming growth factor ${\beta}$, and vascular endothelial growth factor-1). These results were associated with significant downregulation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ signaling pathways in microglia/macrophages, T cells, and astrocytes. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that KRGE alleviates spinal demyelination in acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through inhibiting the activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ signaling pathway. Therefore, KRGE might be used as a new therapeutic for autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, although further investigation is needed.

• BMB Reports
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.530-534
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• 1996

Astrocyte are the major glial cell type in the central nervous system (CNS), and analogous to macrophage, mediates the number of immune responses such as production of cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$) upon activation. $TNF-{\alpha}$ has been implicated in neuroimmunological disorders through killing oligodendrocytes and thus causing demyelination. It has been previously demonstrated that mitogen-activated T cells synthesized a 26 kDa precursor form of $TNF-{\alpha}$ which is bound to the surface of a membrane, and is later secreted as a 17 kDa mature version. In order to examine whether astrocytes would produce the transmembrane form of $TNF-{\alpha}$, astrocytes were stimulated with biological stimuli and the membrane form of $TNF-{\alpha}$ was analyzed by Western blot and FACS analysis. When astrocytes are stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), $IFN-{\gamma}/LPS$, or $IFN-{\gamma}/IL-1{\beta}$, they were able to express a membrane-anchored $TNF-{\alpha}$ of approximately 26 kDa protein which was immunoreactive to an $anti-TNF-{\alpha}$ antibody, whereas unstimulated astrocytes or astrocytes treated with $IFN-{\gamma}$ or $IL-1{\beta}$ alone was not. Our FACS data were also consistent with the immunoblot analysis. Our result suggests that the membrane form of $TNF-{\alpha}$ expressed by activated astrocytes may cause local damage to oligodendrocytes by direct cell-cell contact and contribute to demyelination observed in multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE).

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.584-587
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• 2018

Many viruses including mouse hepatitis virus, corona, measles, and sidbis viruses are known as causative virus of inducing demyelination which means destruction of myelination in nervous system of mice. The purpose of this study is to investigate processing of myelination by co-culture of Schwann cells and neuronal cells and demyelination induced by infection of sindbis virusin rat. Schwann cells and neuronal cells from dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in embryos (E16) of rat were cultured in vitro respectively. The purified neuronal cells with anti-mitotic agents and purified Schwann cells were co-cultured. After that, infection of sindbis virus into this myelinated co-culture system was performed. Myelination and demyelination process were observed using antibody of myelin basic protein meaning presence of myelination.We identified myelination and demyelination processing using antibody of peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP 22) meaning presence of myelinated neuron. This study was supported by the Basic Research Program through the National Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (NRF-2015R1C1A1A01053484 and 2017R1A2B3005753).

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 2009

Marchiafava-Bignami disease(MBD) is a rare complication of chronic alcoholism characterized by symmetrical demyelination of the corpus callosum. We report a case of MBD in a Korean patient having chronic alcohol dependence. The patient exhibited mental depression, weakness of all four limbs and dysarthria. Laboratory data showed mild hyponatremia. Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) revealed unusual symmetrical resolving lesions of the putamen in addition to the typically observed lesion of the corpus callosum. The neurologic disturbances were gradually improved with the normalization of low plasma sodium levels. Marked improvement of abnormal MRI findings was noted after thiamine supplement, though the patient still exhibited severe cognitive impairment.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.108-112
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• 2019

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) may initially present with atypical neurological manifestations, including paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Herein, we report the case showing an initial manifestation of systemic NHL with paraneoplastic demyelination in the brain that initially mimicked the symptoms of stroke, seizure, and brain tumor. A high index of suspicion and timely diagnostic workup is required to prevent diagnostic delay and commence proper management of the condition. In this situation, a whole-body FDG PET/CT could be useful to screen for occult malignancy.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2013

Hyponatremia, the most common electrolyte disorder, has been rarely reported as causing rhabdomyolysis. Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS), a demyelinating disease of the central pons and/or other areas of the brain, is infrequently reported as associated with rapid correction of hyponatremia. This paper reports a case of ODS after correction of severe hyponatremia complicated by rhabdomyolysis. A 47-year-old female with a history of chronic alcoholism presented herself at the hospital with altered consciousness after three days of nausea and vomiting. She was on a thiazide diuretic for essential hypertension. Her blood tests upon her hospital admission showed hyponatremia ($Na^+$ 98 mEq/L), hypokalemia ($K^+$ 3.0 mEq/L), and elevation of her serum creatine phosphokinase (3,370 IU/L) with an increase in her serum myoglobin level 11,267 ng/mL). She was treated with intravenous fluid therapy that included isotonic and hypertonic salines along with potassium chloride. She became more alert, and her neurological condition gradually improved after the first five days of her therapy. On the ninth day after her admission, she developed progressive quadiaresis associated with dysarthria, dysphagia, and dystonia despite the resolution of her hyponatremia. Magnetic resonance imaging of her brain on 16th day revealed symmetrical areas of signal hyperintensity in her central pons, basal ganglia, and precentral gyrus in T2-weighted images, which are consistent with ODS. Her neurological symptoms steadily improved after six weeks with only supportive treatment and rehabilitation.