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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2017.04.013

Korean Red Ginseng mitigates spinal demyelination in a model of acute multiple sclerosis by downregulating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways  

Lee, Min Jung (Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University)
Chang, Byung Joon (Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University)
Oh, Seikwan (Department of Neuroscience and Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University)
Nah, Seung-Yeol (Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University)
Cho, Ik-Hyun (Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University)
Publication Information
Journal of Ginseng Research / v.42, no.4, 2018 , pp. 436-446 More about this Journal
Abstract
Background: The potential therapeutic values of Korean Red Ginseng extract (KRGE) in autoimmune disorders of nervous system have not been fully investigated. Methods: We used an acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animal model of multiple sclerosis and determined the effects and mechanism of KRGE on spinal myelination. Results: Pretreatment with KRGE (100 mg/kg, orally) for 10 days before immunization with myelin basic protein $(MBP)_{68-82}$ peptide exerted a protective effect against demyelination in the spinal cord, with inhibited recruitment and activation of immune cells including microglia, decreased mRNA expression of detrimental inflammatory mediators (interleukin-6, interferon-${\gamma}$, and cyclooxygenase-2), but increased mRNA expression of protective inflammatory mediators (insulin-like growth factor ${\beta}1$, transforming growth factor ${\beta}$, and vascular endothelial growth factor-1). These results were associated with significant downregulation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ signaling pathways in microglia/macrophages, T cells, and astrocytes. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that KRGE alleviates spinal demyelination in acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through inhibiting the activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ signaling pathway. Therefore, KRGE might be used as a new therapeutic for autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, although further investigation is needed.
Keywords
demyelination; experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; Korean Red Ginseng; nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$; p-38 mitogen-activated protein kinase;
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