• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.5
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• pp.351-355
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• 2010

Our previous proteomic study demonstrated that oxidative stress and antioxidant delphinidin regulated the cellular level of $p27^{kip1}$ (referred to as p27) as well as some heat shock proteins in human colon cancer HT 29 cells. Current study was conducted to validate and confirm the regulation of these proteins using both in vitro and in vivo systems. The level of p27 was decreased by hydrogen peroxide in a dose-dependent manner in human colon carcinoma HCT 116 (p53-positive) cells while it was increased upon exposure to hydrogen peroxide in HT 29 (p53-negative) cells. However, high concentration of hydrogen peroxide (100 ${\mu}M)$ downregulated p27 in both cell lines, but delphindin, one of antioxidative anthocyanins, enhanced the level of p27 suppressed by 100 ${\mu}M$ hydrogen peroxide. ICR mice were injected with varying concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, delphinidin and both. Western blot analysis for the mouse large intestinal tissue showed that the expression of p27 was upregulated by 25 mg/kg BW hydrogen peroxide. To investigate the association of p27 regulation with hypoxia-inducible factor 1-beta (HIF-$1{\beta}$), the level of p27 was analyzed in wild-type mouse hepatoma hepa1c1c7 and Aryl Hydrocarbon Nuclear Translocator (arnt, HIF-$1{\beta}$)-defective mutant BPRc1 cells in the absence and presence of hydrogen peroxide and delphinidin. While the level of p27 was responsive to hydrogen peroxide and delphinidin, it remained unchanged in BPRc1, suggesting that the regulation of p27 requires functional HIF-$1{\beta}$. We also found that hydrogen peroxide and delphinidin affected PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway which is one of upstream regulators of HIFs. In conclusion, hydrogen peroxide and antioxidant delphinidin seem to regulate intracellular level of p27 through regulating HIF-1 level which is, in turn, governed by its upstream regulators comprising of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. The results should also encourage further study for the potential of p27 as a biomarker for intracellular oxidative or antioxidant status.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.3-8
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• 2005

Torenia hybridacv. Summerwave Blue and Violet mainly produce delphinidin. Down regulation of their flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) genes and over expression of rose or pelargonium dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) cDNA yielded pelargonidin-based bright pink flowers. Nierembergia cv. Fairybells lack pink color as they produced only delphinidin and flavonols. Pelargonidin-based pink flowers were achieved by down regulation of F3'5'H and flavonol synthase genes and over expressing rose DFR cDNA. Introduction of petunia F3'5'H and DFR cDNAs into white carnations deficient in DFR activity produced violet carnations, which arc now commercialized in the USA, Canada, Australia, Europe and Japan. Introduction of pansy F3'5'H and iris DFR cDNAs and down regulation of rose DFR gene produced rose flowers which accumulates delphinidin imparting novel violet color.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.419-424
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• 2014

Metabolite profiling of blueberry (cultivar "Spartan") was performed by extraction using different solvents, methanol and ethyl acetate, through metabolomic analysis using LC-MS/MS. Unsupervised classification method (PCA) and supervised prediction model (OPLS-DA) provided good categorization of metabolites according to the extraction solvents. Metabolites of the anthocyanin family, including delphinidin hexoside, delphinidin, 5-O-feruloylquinic acid, malvidin hexoside, malvidin-3-arabinoside, petunidin-3-arabinoside, and petunidin hexoside, were mainly detected in methanol fractions, whereas those of the flavonoid family, including chlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid dimer, 6,8-di-C-arabinopyranosyl-luteolin, and luteolin were successfully prepared in the ethyl acetate fraction. Thus, metabolomic analysis of blueberry extracts allows for the simple profiling of whole and distinctive metabolites for future applications.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.188-193
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• 1975

The studies on the structure of anthocyanins in wild vines have beer carried out. The pigments were extracted with 0.5% HCl in methanol from the wild vines which were wildly grown in the mountain area of Korea and purified with Amberlite IRC-50 canon exchange resin. The individual pigments were separated by paper chromatography. Sever. pigments were identified by partial acid hydrolysis, sugar moiety, alkaline degradation, $R_f$ values of paper chromatography in various solvents and absorption spectra in the visible region. The identified pigments were delphinidin 3-monoglucoside, petunidin 3-monoglucoside, cyanidin 3-monoglucoside, delphinidin 3, 5-diglucoside, malvidin 3-monoglucoside, petunidin 3, 5 diglucoside and malvidin 3, 5-diglucoside.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.336-341
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• 2004

The influence of temperature and heating time on the stability of anthocyanin pigments in grape juice were investigated. There was no significant differences in soluble solids, acidity and pH of grape juice under various temperature and heating time. Residual total anthocyanin of grape juice was decreased by heating temperature over 100$^{\circ}C$ for 1 min. Delphinidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside were rapidly decreased by heating treatment, but petunidin-3-glucoside and malvidin-3-glucoside were more stable than others. These results suggests that the optimum quality of grape juice was heated at 90 $^{\circ}C$ for 1 min.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.88-94
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• 2009

The process of atherosclerosis begins through secretion of inflammatory cytokine or adhesion of leukocyte from damage in blood vessels and transmigration. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of delphinidin chloride (DC) in the initial process of atherosclerosis on the expression of ICAM-1 (Intracellular Adhesion Molecule-1) and VCAM-1 (Vascular Adhesion Molecule-1) related to adhesion of leukocyte at the HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cell line. As a result, cell growth inhibition rate at 50 ${\mu}M$ was respectively 4, 3 and 5% without cell toxicity. As a result of morphological observation monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion assay and optical microscope carried out to measure attachment of mononuclear cells to endothelial cells induced by Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-$\alpha$) at concentrations without cell toxicity, DC concentration-dependently suppressed attachment. When effects on the expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, cell adhesion molecules induced from endothelial cells by TNF-$\alpha$, were comparatively analyzed using western blot analysis and RT-PCR methods, protein of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 and expression at the level of mRNA were concentration-dependently reduced. Taken together, the results of this studies provide evidence that DC possess an anti-metastatic activity.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.447-448
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• 2008

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.184-190
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: Anthocyanins, potential health-promoting compounds, were major natural pigment in the blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). The objectives of this study was to investigate anthocyanin glycosides in the blueberry varieties.METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of seventeen anthocyanins were identified from highbush blueberry using HPLC (representatives, 530 nm) and ESI-MS in positive ion mode. The individual anthocyanins are containing cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, peonidin, and petunidin moieties which are acylated with aliphatic acid (acetic acid) and conjugated with sugar moieties (arabinose, galactose, and glucose). Among them, delphinidin 3-O-galactoside (D3Ga), peonidin 3-O-glucoside (Pn3G) + malvidin 3-O-galactoside (M3Ga) were major compounds in varieties. Total anthocyanins were found the highest level in 'Elizabeth' (1,406.3 mg/100 g dry weight) which was 3-fold higher than 'Darrow' (465.7). Especially, D3Ga was presented the 32% of total anthocyanins followed by Pn3G + M3Ga (20%) in 'Elizabeth'.CONCLUSION: This result was showed as valuable information regarding nutritional properties of the different varieties of the highbush blueberry.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.183-187
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• 1975

The content of total and individual anthocyanins in the wild vines (Vitis amurensis Ruprecht), which were wildly grown in the mountain area of Korea, has been carried out. The pigments were extracted with 0.1% hydrochloric acid in methanol from the wild vines and the content of the total anthocyanin in the extract was determined spectrophotometrically at 538nm $({\lambda}max.)$. Individual anthocyanins in the extract were separated by paper chromatography and eluted with 0.1% HCl in methanol. The optical densities of the individual pigment solutions were determined at each absorption maxima of the pigments. The content of total anthocyanins in wild vines was 3.95mg per 1g fresh weight. The content of individual pigments were as follows: 12.5% delphinidin 3-monoglucoside. 3,5 % petunidin 3-monoglucoside, 2.1% cyanidin 3-monoglucoside, 10.1% delphinidin 3,5-diglucoside, 4.3% malvidin 3-monoglucoside, 8.3% petunidin 3,5-diglucoside, 4.1% cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside like and 55.1% malvidin 3,5-diglucoside. It was found that the most abundant pigment in wild vines studied was malvidin-3,5-diglucoside.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 2011

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of top dressing of nitrogen and harvest time on the growth, feed value and anthocyanin content for developing functional feed of colored barley. A colored barley cultivar, Boanchalbori, was tested in this experiment. Top dressing was applied at seven separate growth stages, regeneration time (RT), and intervals of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 days after RT, and harvested at different time from 20 days after heading (DAH) to 40 DAH with 10 days interval in split plot design with three replications. Plant height was increasing with earlier top dressing, but not affected by harvest time. Percent dry matter was increasing with earlier top dressing and later harvests. Protein content was increased with later top dressing and harvests, but percent NDF, ADF and TDN was not significant. Total anthocyanin content was increased with earlier top dressing, included increasing C3G (cyanidin-3-glucoside) and delphinidin. The C3G and delphinidin were detected from 25 DAH and P3G (pelargonidin-3-g1ucoside), cyanidin and perlagonidin from 30 DAH. Their contents were increased significantly as harvest was delayed. This experiment provides some interesting results with respects to optimum top dressing and harvest time for the functional feed production of the colored barley.