• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• 제41권6호
• /
• pp.331-336
• /
• 2011

The instability of hirsutenone (HST), a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) and ovarian carcinoma, is one of the main concerns for the development of drug product. In the present study, aqueous stability of HST was investigated by kinetic analysis, and the effect of several factors covering temperature, nitrogen gas ($N_2$) flushing, and selection of proper antioxidant was compared. Cosolvent system composed of distilled water and methanol (9:1 v/v) was used as a vehicle to dissolve HST at the concentration of $200{\mu}g/mL$. Samples of aqueous solution were prepared under the absence or presence of antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid (AA), sodium edetate (EDTA), and ascorbyl palmitate (AP), and subjected for stability test. The degradation of HST in aqueous solution was followed by the first order kinetics with an extremely short half life of less than a week at room temperature, and was accelerated as the temperature increased. $N_2$ flushing brought a little enhancement in stability compared to control solution, but the effect was insufficient. The addition of AA and EDTA (0.1%) significantly enhanced the stability of HST at $40^{\circ}C$, but the addition of AP (0.01%) was limited due to its water insolubility and revealed no promising result. The stability of HST was increased proportionally by the amount of AA added, showing the difference in degree of stabilization as an order of magnitude. Finally, we conclude that HST was stabilized by the addition of a suitable antioxidant, suggesting AA as the most effective stabilizer.

• 간호행정학회지
• /
• 제3권2호
• /
• pp.151-165
• /
• 1997

A cost analysis for hospitalized patients was performed based on the KDRG classification in order to determine an appropriate nursing fee under the PPS(Prospective Payment System). The data was collected from 20 nursing units of three tertiary hospitals and two secondary hospitals from August 26 to September 15, 1996. The study consisted of 148 inpatients diagnosed for lens procedures(KDRG 03900), tonsillectomy &/or adenoidectomy(KDRG 16100), Cesarean section(KDRG 37000), or vaginal delivery(KDRG 37300) without any complications. The direct or indirect nursing hours of each patients were measured. Then, direct or indirect nursing expenditures of four nursing units, operating room and delivery room were computed. Finally, the resources used including average total nursing hours, average length of stay and average nursing cost of each KDRG were estimated as follows; 1) The average total nursing hours were 640 minutes for lens procedures, 403 minutes for tonsillectomy &/or adenoidectomy, 934 minutes for appendectomy with complicated principal diagnosis, 1,094 minutes for Cesarean section and 631 minutes for vaginal delivery. Significant differences were found in average total nursing hours among hospitals. 2) The average length of stay in lens procedures were 5 days, 4 days for tonsillectomy &/or adenoidectomy, 6 days for appendectomy with complicated principal diagnosis, 8 days for Cesarean section and 3 days for vaginal delivery. All results were within normal determined by the Ministry of Health and Welfare although significant differences existed among hospitals, especially with average length of stay for leng procedures between tertiary hospitals and secondary hospitals which was greater than for those of others. 3) The average nursing cost were 87,146 Won for lens procedures, 69,600 Won for tonsillectomy &/or adenoidectomy, 128,337 Won for appendectomy with complicated principal diagnosis, 151,769 Won for Cesarean section and 85,403 Won for vaginal delivery. These costs were 7.6%, 13.0%, 13.0%, 16.0% and 22.0%, respectively, of the official price fixed by the Ministry of Health and Welfare under the prospective payment system. Research for the analysis of nursing costs according to the severity of illness for those KDRGs shoud be carried out within the period of the PPS pilot project. In addition, a proper nursing fee schedule for a new reimbursement system based upon the result of the above research should be prepared in the near future.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• 제37권5호
• /
• pp.281-286
• /
• 2007

For transdermal delivery of porcine placenta extract (PPE), various emulsion formulations were prepared and evaluated. Polysorbate surfactants were used as emulsifiers and various C-18 unsaturated fatty acids as enhancers. The skin permeation of PPE was tested using a cellulose nitrate membrane-loaded Franz cell apparatus. Among emulsifiers, Tween 20 provided higher penetration effect than did Tween 80. Meanwhile, of various fatty acids, linolenic acid (18:3) revealed the highest skin permeation of PPE than the other C-18 unsaturated fatty acids. Stability of PPE emulsions was determined by cycles of freezing and thawing processes. The stability of emulsions depended on the percentage of Tween 20. Minimum 20% of Tween 20 was required to stabilize emulsions at room temperature for several days. Taken together, our results suggest that Tween 20 and linolenic acids might be key components to formulate PPE emulsion to provide the desirable skin permeability and stability.

• 한국경영과학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국경영과학회/대한산업공학회 1999년도 춘계공동학술대회:정보화시대의 지식경영
• /
• pp.209-210
• /
• 1999

In the case of paper plant engineering company, one of the most important critical problems is to accurately estimate the cost and the delivery time of the project. This is necessary for the company to win a bidding and to have some room for negotiation. Moreover, the company needs to have time to process all the relevant informations to make timely response to, and deal with the changing conditions of the bidding environments as quickly as possible. One of the popular methodology dealing with this kind of situation is an effective "decision support system," and may researches are currently been done on this subject. In this article, and effective decision support system is developed which can provide automatic delivery time and cost estimates from which plant engineering company may be benefited.

• Macromolecular Research
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.461-465
• /
• 2006

Two types of injectable system using thermosensitive chitosan (chitosan-g-NIPAAm), hydrogel and microparticles (MPs)-embedded hydrogel were developed as drug carriers for controlled release and their pharmaceutical potentials were investigated. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)-loaded, biodegradable PLGA MPs were prepared by a double emulsion method and then simply mixed with an aqueous solution of thermosensitive chitosan at room temperature. All 5-FU release rates from the hydrogel matrix were faster than bovine serum albumin (BSA), possibly due to the difference in the molecular weight of the drugs. The 5-FU release profile from MPs-embedded hydrogel was shown to reduce the burst effect and exhibit nearly zero-order release behavior from the beginning of each initial stage. Thus, these MPs-embedded hydrogels, as well as thermosensitive chitosan hydrogel, have promising potential as an injectable drug carrier for pharmaceutical applications.

• 한국간호교육학회지
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.333-348
• /
• 2001

The study was intended to investigate the degree of satisfaction and experiences of maternity nursing practice and to examine the relationships between satisfaction and experiences. Data were collected from a college located in Inchon from April 2, 2001 to October 30, 2001. A general characteristics questionnaires, questionnaire for clinical practice satisfaction and maternity nursing clinical checklist were used to measure the satisfaction and experiences of maternity nursing practice. The subject were supposed to record their clinical experience in maternity clinical practice checklist. 153 questionnaires for satisfaction of clinical practice and 178 maternity nursing clinical practice checklists used for analysis. The data were analyzed by SPSS-PC+ program. The results of this study were as follows ; 1) The mean score of satisfaction of clinical practice was 3.34(a perfect score 5) and among the 4 categorial components from the questionnaire of satisfaction the score of 'clinical practice teaching' was high(3.85) and 'clinical practice environment(2.91)' and 'clinical practice contents(2.90)' was relatively low. 2) There was significant value between place of clinical practice and clinical practice satisfaction among 7 clinical practice hospital and the most high score of clinical practice satisfaction is 3.70 and the low score is 2.91(F=7.706, p<.001). The score of delivery room was significantly higher than the OBGY room and there was significant value among the place of clinical practice(DR : F= 6.441, p<.001, OBGY room : F=7.908, p<.001). 3) In delivery room, the frequency of observation are 2.61 day, the frequency of practice are 1.33 day and in OBGY room the frequency of observation are 1.73 day, the frequency of practice are 1.31 day for 2 week of maternity clinical practice and the most frequent practice of maternity nursing care was checking vital sign. 4) There were significant relationships between the ranking score of clinical satisfaction and clinical experiences in maternity nursing practice. Based on the results, it is suggested that the satisfaction of clinical practice was related to environment of clinical practice and it is necessary to improve environment of clinical practice and make a strategies to enhance the quality of maternity clinical experience.

• 대한안전경영과학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한안전경영과학회 2010년도 추계학술대회
• /
• pp.559-580
• /
• 2010

General Command in the whole situation, managed effectively in order to perform the first briefing room of the reorganization plan and the personnel, the situation room of the business division of the scope(function), information exchange and delivery quickly and accurately to support the computerized Communications equipment and system construction, and various field Construction activities related to the information database construction, and should be made to secure the expertise of management personnel. Building of Computer - communication systems equipment environment for new IT technologies is necessary. From this perspective, the leadership position in the country in the Disaster Management Center in Seoul, organization and personnel, computer systems and communication system status, status of foreign countries like Dispatch managing disaster situations by identifying and analyzing the development plan is aimed to find.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• 제37권6호
• /
• pp.453-455
• /
• 2005

Two young women were brought to the Emergency room with generalized tonic and clonic seizures. Seizure developed seven and ten days after delivery respectively without the clinical signs of pre-eclampsia throughout the pregnancies. Magnetic resonance(MR) image of the brain showed characteristically symmetrical abnormal signals in the parietal and occipital regions. After several days of medical treatment, they were discharged without neurologic sequelae and follow-up MR images taken three months after discharge showed complete disappearance of the previous abnormal signals.

• 대한간호학회지
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.57-66
• /
• 1974

This study was attempted for clinical investigation regarding with Apgar score changing phase of newborns and their sucking power related the score and weight. The data for this study obtained from 545 newborns who were born at Dept. of obstetric WooSok Hospital, Korea University from Jan. to Sept.. 1373. It is hoped that this study will contribute to nursing care planning of newborns in nursery. The Apgar score was checked in the delivery room at 1 minute after delivery by Doctor and rechecked at 30 minutes and 1 hour after delivery by nurses. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The total newborn numbers at 1 minute after delivery were 545, at 30 minutes were 542 (3 dead) and at 1 hour were 540. The babies were divided into 3 groups by the Apgar score. The frequency of group 1 (score 1 to 4) at each times were 5.0%, 0.9%, 0.4%, group 2 (score 5 to 7) 11.2%, 4.1%, 1.7% and group 3 (score 8 to 10) 83.8%, 95.0%, 97.9%. 2. The group I was found most frequently among the cases of less than 2, 500g and group 3 was found among the cases over 2.500g. It was found that there was a tendency of delaying in recovery process of low score among the premature and low birth weight newborns. 3. The type of delivery, breech and other I e was found worst and C-Section was the second, however normal spontaneous delivery was found the best. 4. In observation of sucking power of the newborn related its score and weight, good, fair, poor marks were given. But for convenience of statistical analysis. good and fair was collected together and poor alone evaluated. The result of group 1.2 examined statistically by F.E.T shown no relation between newborn weight and sucking power. however group 3, examined by X$^2$test shown very significant relation between newborn weight and sucking power. 5. The mortality rate of newborn while they were in hospital was found 2.6% to 545 of birth and all cases of dead belonged to group 1 at 1 minutes after delivery. 64.3% of the dead was found among the cases less than 2, 500g. 6. It was found that in this observation premature and Newborn asphyxia had influence to low score at birth. Conclusively, good anthemata carr should be emphasized in order to prevent main causes of these and should avoid abnormal delivery as possible.

• 한국임상수의학회지
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.270-275
• /
• 2004

Anesthetic machines may be equipped with either a precision or nonprecision vaporizer. A precision vaporizer is designed to deliver an exact concentration of anesthetic agent. Goldman vaporizer is a low-flow, closed-circle circuit with a low resistance vaporizer, in circuit. Vaporizers used within circle system(VIC) are not usually temperature compensated and this is generally thought to be a disadvantage. As the volatile agent is vaporized, heat is extracted from the liquid and temperature decreases. This cooling of the liquid leads to a decrease in concentration of the anaesthetic agent delivered by the vaporizer. The purpose of this study is to examine the mechanical consistency of the delivery of isoflurane from Goldman vaporizer and precision vaporizer at various gas flow rates and temperatures. And we first studied isoflurane concentration according to room temperature changes delivered by a Goldman vaporizer and precision vaporizer using different gas flow. The room temperature of $15^{\circ}C,$ $20^{\circ}C,$ $28^{\circ}C$ and fresh gas flow rates of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0 l/min were used. The inspired agent concentration was measured using a Datex-Ohmeda multigas analyzer. As rose in room temperature, the isoflurane concentration of precision vaporizer approximated the dial setting. On the other hand, at a dial setting concentration of 5.0 percent the delivered isoflurane concentration of precision vaporizer was more than the dial setting in high temperature. The isoflurane concentration of precision vaporizer remained constant despite the increase in temperature. The isoflurane concentration of Goldman vaporizer was increased with rise in room temperature and decreased with rise in gas flow.