• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2021

Objectives: Hyaluronoglucosaminidase (hyaluronidase) increases the local intercellular permeability of the peripheral lymphatic channel and capillaries, which may help reduce edema. In the present study, the effects of hyaluronidase on postoperative edema and pain reduction were evaluated. Materials and Methods: The study included 38 patients who underwent guided bone regeneration (GBR) surgery before implantation. Patients were randomly assigned to either the control group (n=20) or the test group (n=18). Hyaluronidase was injected into the GBR site of subjects in the test group. Postoperative edema was evaluated by measuring the distance between specific facial landmarks immediately after surgery (T1) and 2-4 days after surgery (T2). The degree of pain at T2 and at 10-14 days after surgery (T3) was assessed. Results: In the test group, the degree of swelling was lower than in the control group, however, only two measurements, from the tragus to the mouth corner and from the outer canthus to the mouth corner, showed statistically significant differences (P=0.012 and P=0.001, respectively). The anti-edema effect of hyaluronidase was more effective in the maxilla than in the mandible. In the maxilla, the percentage of facial swelling was significant for three measurements. However, in the mandible, the percentage of facial swelling was significant for only one measurement. Low levels of pain that were similar at T2 and T3 were reported in both groups. Conclusion: The results indicate the degree of swelling was lower in the test group and hyaluronidase appeared to be more effective in the maxilla. The degree of pain reduction was similar between groups. Further in vivo and randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes are warranted.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computational and Applied Mathematics Conference
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• 2002.09a
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• pp.16.2-16
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• 2002

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 2000

This study was performed to investigate the effect of three modalities commonly used for reduction of oral malodor and to review the contributing factors for halitosis. For this study, 45 subjects of good general health in their third decades were selected, and they were divided into three groups by each modality, that is, tongue scraping, $ZnCl_2$ mouth rinse, and periodontal treatment. Subjective sense of halitosis, diets, Oral hygiene index based on tooth brushing and tongue brushing habit, resting salivary flow rate, gingival index, degree of tongue coating were recored in the Halito-Chart designed by the author. Oral malodor converted from volatile sulfur compound was measured by the Halimeter$^{(R)}$(Interscan Co., USA), and the correlation between the oral factors and pre-treatment halimeter score were analysed. Data obtained were analysed by the SPSS windows program and the results of this study were as follows : 1. There were no significant correlation between oral factors such as oral hygiene index, salivary flow rate, gingival index, degree of tongue coating and pre-treatment halimeter score. 2. Difference between pre- and post-treatment halimeter score by the three modalities were significant, but correlation between pre- and post-treatment score within group was most significant in the periodontal treatment group followed by the tongue scraping group and lowest in the $ZnCl_2$ mouth rinse group. 3. Reduction of halimeter score was significant only in subjects with relatively more tongue coating in the tongue scraping group, but in the $ZnCl_2$ mouth rinse group and in the periodontal treatment group, the modality applied to each group had same significant effects without regard to the degree of oral hygiene index or gingival index. 4. Men had more tongue coating than women, and reduction of halimeter score was significant in men, but not in women.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of hand acupuncture for reduction of dysmenorrhea. 71 female middle school and high school students were selected as subjects from April to May 2001, among which 38 students consisted of the experimental group while 22 students were the control group by convenient assignment. The experimental group participated in hand acupuncture treatment. The experimental treatment was to puncture corresponding points(A4, A5, J1, J3, J23, H2, F7) on both the palm and back of a hand with disposable acupuncture needles and to remove needles after 20-30 minutes' recess during which the subjects reposed themselves on bed. The collected data were processed using the SPSS PC Program and analyzed using $X^2test$ and The results of this study were as follows 1. The symptoms of premenstrual syndrome have decreased, but no significant differences were statistically observed between hand-acupunctured group and non-hand acupunctured group. 2. Subjective pain degree has decreased after hand acupuncture. 3. As for objective pain degree, a significant reduction in voice change was observed between two groups. Facial expressional changes and perspiration degree reduced but showed no significant statistically changes between two groups. 4. Comfort has increased after hand acupuncture. These results suggest that the hand acupuncture therapy works effectively on easing menstrual pain and symptoms as well as partially on reducing discomfort. It is particularly efficacious for a reduction in subjective pain and facial expressional changes in positive respect. Therefore the hand acupuncture therapy can be considered as an independent nursing intervention for dysmenorrhea reduction.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.71-75
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• 2021

Despite the development of computational resources, the need to analyze models is increasing. The size of model has been increased to analyze the entire structure more accurately and precisely. As the analysis model becomes larger and more complex, the computation time increases exponentially. Various industries use many structures that have repeated patterns. We focus on these structures with repeated patterns and propose a dynamic analysis method to efficiently calculate these repeated structures. To devise an efficient method for repeated structures, the substructuring scheme and the degree of freedom-based reduction method are used in this study. We modify the existing reduction method in consideration of the characteristics of the repeating structure. In the proposed method, the entire structure was expressed as a combination of substructures, where each substructure was represented as an unit cell of repeated structures. The substructures were condensed and assembled using the substructuring scheme and the modified condensation method. Finally, numerical examples were demonstrated to verify the efficiency and accuracy of proposed method.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.81-98
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• 2007

This study aims to investigate whether shortened vowel duration conditioned by a following voiceless stop induces phonetic reduction of vowel space in English, and whether the reduction appears more in the height dimension than in the backness dimension (Lindblom, 1963; Flemming, 2005). Fifteen native speakers of American English read minimal pairs containing ten American English vowels in [bVd] and [bVt] syllables in a carrier phrase. All the subjects produced shorter vowels in the voiceless than in the voiced context. However, a reduction in vowel space and a raising of low vowels due to the shortened vowel duration were generally not found. To the contrary, the speakers tended to exhibit even more lowering of low vowels in the voiceless context, and vowel space was more commonly compressed in the backness dimension than in the height dimension. Many speakers, in particular, demonstrated fronting of the high back vowel [u] in the voiceless context. It was interpreted that due to a relatively large number of English vowels in the narrower low vowel space, the raising of low vowels may give rise to confusion in vowel contrasts, and therefore the degree of phonetic vowel reduction is restricted in that region. On the other hand, the high vowel region, being relatively spacious in English, allows a certain degree of phonetic vowel reduction in the F2 dimension. It is possible that heavy requirements for maintaining vowel contrasts may cause speakers to overachieve vowel target values, especially when faced with vowels which are difficult to distinguish due to shortened vowel duration, leading to an over-lowering of the low vowels.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.67-72
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• 2019

In this study, we investigate the echo reduction performance of miniaturinzed Helmholtz resonators using smaller than wavelength acoustic metamaterial structures. The Helmholtz resonators are formed using air structures which exhibit large impedance mismatch with the surrounding underwater environment. Using the multi-physics software package, we find that significant reduction in the sonar signature is expected and frequency tailoring is possible by controlling the degree of space coiling and inner volume of the resonators. We find that for the basic Helmholtz resonators, up to 7 dB reduction in echo is expected at 10,000 Hz while when the miniaturized Helmoholtz resonators are used, up to 14 dB reduction in echo is expected at 5,000 Hz. In addition, frequency tailoring is demonstrated by varying the internal volume of the Helmholtz resonators and broadband characteristic is shown using superposition of various degree of space coiled structures. Through this study we investigate the effectiveness of the miniaturized Helmholtz resonators formed using air structures and the echo reduction results show promisses in the application of achieving underwater stealth.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2006

Purpose: We evaluated the result of the degree of reduction and anterior instability after arthroscopic treatment of tibial spine fractures. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two cases of tibial spine fractures treated with arthroscopic procedure could be evaluated and the mean follow-up period was $18\;(12{\sim}48)$ months. Evaluations included Lachman test, rotatory instability examination and side to side difference (SSD) using KT-2000 arthrometer. The degree of radiologic reduction was classified as accurate reduction, anterior elevation and reduction failure, according to which the degree of anterior instability was measured. Results: There were twenty three cases (71%) of accurate duction, eight cases (25%) of anterior elevation and one case (4%) of education failure. Eight (29%) of twenty eight cases with pull-out method showed anterior elevation. The SSDs of the accurate reduction and the anterior elevation group were 2.0 mm and 2.8 mm, respectively showing no significant difference. However, the percent age of grade 0 Lachman test and SSD less than 3 mm of the accurate reduction group were significantly higher. Conclusion: Accurate reduction is important in reducing anterior instability especially in unstable fractures. Therefore, arthroscopic pull-out method should be performed with great caution to avoid anterior elevation of the fracture fragment.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.619-625
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• 2010

Purpose: Trapdoor orbital blowout fracture is most common in orbital blowout fracture. Various materials have been used to reconstruct orbital floor blowout fracture. Absorbable alloplastic implants are needed because of disadvantages of nonabsorbable alloplastic materials and donor morbidity of autogenous tissue. The aim of the study is to evaluate usefulness of absorbable mesh plate as a reconstructive material for orbital blowout fractures. Methods: From December 2008 to October 2009, 18 trapdoor orbital floor blowout fracture patients were treated using elevator fixation, depressor fixation, or elevatordepressor fixation techniques with absorbable mesh plates and screw, depending on degree of orbital floor reduction, because absorbable mesh plates are less rigid than titanium plates and other artificial substitutes. Results: Among 18 patients, 5 elevator fixation, 4 depressor fixation, and 9 elevator and depressor fixation technique were performed. In all patients, postoperative computed tomographic (CT) scan showed complete reduction of orbital contents and orbital floor, and no displacement of bony fragment and mesh plate. Mean follow-up was 10 months. There were no significant intraoperative or postoperative complications. Conclusion: Three different techniques depending on the degree of orbital floor reduction are useful for open reduction and internal fixation of trapdoor orbital floor blowout fracture with absorbable mesh plates.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.60-66
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• 2014

A control oriented model of the Lean $NO_x$ trap (LNT) was developed to determine the timing of $NO_x$ regeneration. The LNT model consists of $NO_x$ storage and reduction model. Once $NO_x$ is stored ($NO_x$ storage model), at the right timing $NO_x$ should be released and then reduced ($NO_x$ reduction model) with reductants on the catalyst active sites, called regeneration. The $NO_x$ storage model simulates the degree of stored $NO_x$ in the LNT. It is structured by an instantaneous $NO_x$ storage efficiency and the $NO_x$ storage capacity model. The $NO_x$ storge capacity model was modeled to have a Gaussian distribution with a function of exhaust gas temperature. $NO_x$ release and reduction reactions for the $NO_x$ reduction model were modeled as Arrhenius equations. The parameter identification was optimally performed by the data of the bench flow reactor test results at space velocity 50,000/hr, 80,000/hr, and temperature of $250-500^{\circ}C$. The LNT model state, storage fraction indicates the degree of stored $NO_x$ in the LNT and thus, the timing of the regeneration can be determined based on it. For practical purpose, this model will be verified more completely by engine test data which simulate the NEDC transient mode.