• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.212-221
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to report the effect of Gamsaengwha -tang with Deer antler on three postpartum women with anemia. Methods: The three postpartum women with severe anemia among postpartum women who admitted our hospital were treated by oriental treatments such as herbal medicine(Gamisaengwha-tang with Deer antler). Results: After treatment, the measurements of hemoglobin was increased and Anemia was improved. Conclusion: After delivery, many postpartum women have tendency to become anemic. Saengwha-tang and Deer antler became known to be good for anemia in oriental medicine. So the three postpartum women with severe anemia among postpartum women who admitted our hospital were treated by Gamisaengwha-tang with Deer antler. After treatment, the measurements of hemoglobin were increased comparative quickly, and anemia was improved. This case report shows that the Gamisaengwha-tang with Deer antler is effect for treatng anemia. Anemia will improve not only treating by Saengwha-tang except Deer antler but also treating by iron supplement, so we need more comparative study and observation and need more practical use of herbal medicine with Deer antler for anemia and disease of postpartum women.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.623-635
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• 2021

The effect of deer antler extract on muscle differentiation and muscle atrophy were evaluated to minimize muscle loss following aging. Various deer antler extracts (HWE, hot water extract of deer antler; FE, HWE of fermented deer antler; ET, enzyme-assisted extract of deer antler; UE, extract prepared by ultrasonication of deer antler) were evaluated for their effect on muscle differentiation and inhibition of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR)-induced muscle atrophy in C2C12 cells. Morphological changes according to the effect of antler extracts on muscle differentiation were confirmed by Jenner-Giemsa staining. In addition, the expression levels of genes related to muscle differentiation and atrophy were confirmed through qRT-PCR. In the presence of antler extracts, the length and thickness of myotubes and myogenin differentiation 1 (MyoD1) and myogenic factor 5 (Myf5) gene expression were increased compared to those in the control group (CON). Gene expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), MyoD1, and myogenin, along with the muscle atrophy factors muscle RING finger-1 (MuRF-1) and forkhead box O3a (FoxO3a) upon addition of deer antler extracts to muscle-atrophied C2C12 cells was determined by qRT-PCR after treatment with AICAR. The expression of MuRF-1 and FoxO3a decreased in the groups treated with antler extracts compared to that in the group treated with AICAR alone. In addition, gene expression of MyoD1 and myogenin in the muscle atrophy cell model was significantly increased compared that into the CON. Therefore, our findings indicate that antler extract can increase the expression of MyoD1, Myf5 and myogenin, inhibit muscle atrophy, and promote muscle differentiation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.422-425
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• 1998

Chitin synthase null-mutants propagate in yeast form in RPMI medium with suppression of hyphal growth. This hyphal suppression is also observed in the wild type culture grown in RPMI medium supplemented with deer antler extract. To identify the possible target of deer antler extract, the enzymatic activities of chitin synthases were examined. The enzymatic activities of three chitin synthases, CAChsl, CAChs2, and CAChs3, were found to be differentially inhibited by deer antler extract. Of them, CAChsl, was the most sensitive to the extract. These results indicate that deer antler extract causes hyphal suppression, which resembles the effects of chitin synthase deletion, probably through direct inhibition of chitin synthases.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.291-294
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• 1998

Transfer of Candida albicans grown in Sabouraud medium to the RPMI medium induces the transition from a nonpathogenic yeast form to a pathogenic hyphal form. This transition was severely inhibited in a dose-dependent manner when deer antler extract was added to the RPMI medium in a nontoxic range (up to $500{\mu}g$). In that range, deer antler extract inhibited the hyphal transition and cell growth, whereas no effect was observed on the yeast growth. When hydrophobic or hydrophilic fractions were prepared by detergent-solubilization of deer antler extract, the hydrophobic fraction showed a large degree of inhibition of the hyphal growth in Candida albicans. Neither fraction affected the growth in the yeast form. The pattern of chitin localization in the culture of the yeast form grown in RPMI in the presence of deer antler extract was confirmed by calcofluor staining and this exhibited strongly the suppression of hyphal transition.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.75-80
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• 2007

Objectives : This study was conducted to control microorganisms of deer antler products with ethanol and heat process. Methods : The deer antler of Cervus elaphus was used for this study. The sliced deer antler of market condition were processed with 70% ethanol only (酒洗) and 70% ethanol with heat (酒炙). The microorganisms were isolated and incubated on Luria broth (LB) plates at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. Results : The number of isolated microorganism colony were 201.1, 33.5 and 2.0 ea from each sliced deer antler of market condition, 70% ethanol only and 70% ethanol with heat process, respectively. Conclusions : These results suggested that 70% ethanol with heat processing is effective for reducing microbial contamination of deer antler products.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.65-81
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• 2022

Objectives This study aimed to assess the effects of oral administration of deer antler extracts on an osteoporosis-induced animal model. We analyzed the results of using deer antler single extracts on animal models with osteoporosis through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods We included osteoporosis studies in animal experiments that administrated deer antler extracts orally. We searched the following 13 databases without a language restriction: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, Korean Medical Database (KMbase), National Digital Science Library (NDSL), Korean Traditional Knowledge (Koreantk), Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System (OASIS), Research Information Sharing Service (RISS), Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI), and Koreanstudies Information Service System (KISS). We used Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation's risk of bias tool for assessing the methodological quality of the included studies. Results A total of 299 potentially relevant studies were searched and 11 were included for a systematic review. Nine studies used a single deer antler extract. A study compared the effects of single extracts of deer antler and antler glue, while another study compared the effects of three single extracts of deer antler, old antler, and antler glue. For evaluating the intervention effect, bone mineral density (BMD) was measured as the primary outcome, while the histomorphometric indicators of the bone and serum alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin levels were used as the secondary outcome variables. On conducting a meta-analysis of studies on single deer antler extract, BMD was observed to be significantly increased compared to that in control group (standardized mean difference [SMD]=2.11; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.58~2.65; Z=7.75; p<0.00001; I²=56%). As a result of meta-analysis, according to the concentration of deer antler, the group with high concentration showed statistically significantly higher BMD than the group with low concentration (SMD=1.28; 95% CI=0.74~1.82; Z=4.63; p<0.00001; I²=9%). Conclusions The research shows that the deer antler extracts have significant anti-osteoporotic effects on the osteoporosis-induced animal model. However the studies included in this research had a high methodological risk of bias. This indicates the requirement of considerable attention in the interpretation of the study results.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.794-800
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• 2004

Deer Antler has been known for its traditional oriental medicinal properties and has been widely used to promote growth, boost immune function, treat blood loss and chronic joint pain. Recent study showed imported (New Zealand) Deer Antler was beneficial in reducing the side effects of cancer treatments. However, there was no intervention study conducted on the effect of Korean Deer Antler on reducing the oxidative stress to patients with diabetes. One of the sensitive ways to measure endogenous oxidative stress is by measuring cellular DNA damage using single cell gel electrophoresis (COMET assay). This study was conducted to investigate the possible beneficial effect of commercial Deer Antler drink (provided by Chung-yang Deer Farm) on lymphocyte DNA damage and blood glucose of diabetic patients. Ten patients (4 men, 6 women) participated in the study and consumed 2 pouches of Deer Antler drink every day for 20 days. Blood was collected on the morning before and after the intervention for lymphocyte isolation and blood glucose analysis. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure showed a tendency to decrease but did not reach statistical significance after the trial. Blood glucose level was not affected by the supplementation. After the intervention, over 50% reduction were noted in the cellular DNA damage, expressed as tail length (TL) and tail moment (TM: tail length ${\times}$ percent tail DNA) . Although we did not obtain beneficial effect on lowering blood glucose levels in the patients, this results suggest that Deer Antler may initially act in protecting endogenous DNA damage in short-term experiment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1298-1304
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to provide basic haematological information to allow improved nutritional management for velvet production in spotted deer (Cervus nippon) by investigating biochemical changes in blood values during the antler growth period. Blood samples, obtained from the jugular vein of twenty-five deer, were taken every 10 days from casting (day 0) to harvesting (day 50) of velvet antler. Negligible changes were found in the concentrations of total protein, albumin, and creatinine during the antler growth period, but there were significant changes in the concentrations of urea (p<0.05) and uric acid (p<0.01). The concentration of triglyceride was significantly higher (p<0.05) during the antler growth period compared to casting time, while serum high-density lipoprotein concentrations were low and remained unchanged during the antler growth period. Serum glucose concentration increased (p<0.05) significantly and was slightly changeable during antler growth. The serum concentrations of Ca and P did not fluctuate during antler growth, while those of Na, K and Cl showed slight differences between the time of casting and the rest of the antler growth period. No significant changes in concentrations of AST, ALT, amylase, CK, GGT and LDH were detected during the antler growth period. However, the concentration of ALK-P increased during antler growth reaching its peak on day 50 after casting. We found a significant difference in the concentration of ALK-P between the time of casting and the rest of the antler growth period (p<0.01). Consequently, antler growth was associated with mild changes in measured serum biochemical values with the exception of ALK-P activity in spotted deer.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2010

The 2%, 3% of deer young antler, deer antler, oystershell, crabshell, eggshell were add into the 5%, 10%, 15% solution of glacial acetic acid and vinegar and after incubating it for 4 days at $30^{\circ}C$ respectively, solubility was analyzed. The result shows the difference was minute between glacial acetic acid and vinegar. In the 2% content of deer young antler, solubility was 42~47%, in the 3% content of it, solubility was 41~47%, with the acid concentration becoming higher, solubility increased slightly. In the 2% content of deer antler, solubility was 59~63%, in the 15% content of acid, solubility rather decreased. In the 2% content of oystershell, solubility was 85~96%, in the 3% content, solubility was 95~98%, in the 15% of acid density, it decreased. In the 2% content of crabshell, solubility was 79~88%, in the 3% content, solubility was 81~95%, and in case that acid density was high, solubility increased rather slightly. In the 2% content of eggshell, solubility was 84~96%, in the 3% content, solubility was 84~93%. When young deer antler and deer antler were heated for two hours at $100^{\circ}C$, solubility increased 19~24%, and in the case of crabshell, 10~11% increased. The above result and condition, and the result of pH and acidity don't have much influence on solubility. Thus, the 5% of acidity was enough to melt the 3% of sample. Highest were glacial acetic acid and vinegar in solubility to the various organic acid, and wax gourd vinegar melted the 85% of oystershell, the 78% of crabshell, the 28% of the deer young antler, and in the precipitation was made. Citric acid melted the 57% of deer antler, but it was precipitated with all other samples. Ascorbic acid melted the 92% of eggshell, and did the 37~54% of other samples.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.891-895
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• 2008

Natural substances have recently received much attention as therapeutic drugs to prevent many diseases in humans because they avoid the many side effects of treatment with chemical compounds. We examined the effect of water extract of deer antler in RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. The effects of water extract of deer antler in osteoclast differentiation were determined by culture of bone marrow macrophages (BMMs). The mRNA expression levels of c-Fos, NFATc1, TRAP, and GAPDH in BMMs were analyzed by RT-PCR. Cell lysates were obtained from the treated cells, the expression levels of c-Fos and NFATc1 were determined by western blotting with antibodies for c-Fos and NFATc1. Water extract of deer antler greatly inhibited RANKL-mediated osteoclast differentiation in osteoclast precursors without cytotoxicity. Water extract of deer antler inhibited the expression of c-Fos and NFATc1 in BMMs treated with RANKL. Our findings suggest that water extract of deer antler inhibited osteoclast differentiation by suppressing c-Fos and NFATc1 expression in response to RANKL. These results demonstrate that water extract of deer antler may be a useful the treatment of bone-related disease such as osteoporosis.