• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.588-597
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• 2017

Food waste has been recognized as a critical problem in Korea and many research was conducted to efficiently reutilize or treat food waste. Main purpose of this research was to evaluate a feasibility for producing fermented organic fertilizer with mixture of earthworm cast (EC). Four different treatments were mixed with food waste and EC at the rate of 0, 10, 20, and 30%, respectively. Total days of composting experiment were 84 days and each sub samples were collected at every 7 days from starting of composting. Results showed that inner temperature in composting was increased to $70{\pm}4^{\circ}C$ within 5~10 days depending on mixing ratio of EC. Among different treatment, the highest increase of inner temperature was observed in treatment mixed with food waste and EC 30%. After finishing composting experiment, maturity was evaluated with solvita and germination test. Maturity index (MI) of each treatment was ranged between 5~7 indicating that manufactured fertilizer was curing or finished stage. Calculated germination index (GI) was at the range of 104~116 depending on mixing ratio of EC. Both MI and GI showed that manufactured fertilizer was suitable for fertilizer criteria while control (FW only) was not adequate for composting. Overall, earthworm cast can be utilized for improving compost maturity by mixing with food waste and more research should be conducted to make high quality of food waste compost with earthworm cast in agricultural fields.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 2015

This study was conducted to determine the effects of seed storage method ($-20^{\circ}C$, $2^{\circ}C$ dry, $2^{\circ}C$ wet 30 days, $2^{\circ}C$ wet 60 days, stratification and room temperature) and shading treatment(control, 50%, 80%) on seed germination, seedling growth of endangered species, Iris dichotoma and Iris setosa. As a result, seed germination rate of I. dichotoma was the highest at 75% when seed were stored at $2^{\circ}C$ wet 60 days and then sown under non-shading condition. The seed of I. dichotoma belong to intermediate seed. Seed germination rate of I. setosa was the highest at 95% when seed were stored at $2^{\circ}C$ wet 60 days and then sown under 80% shading condition. The seed of I. setosa belong to recalcitrant seed. Seedlings of I. dichotoma and I. setosa showed not only the best seedling quality but also seedling vigor index in seed stored at $2^{\circ}C$ wet 60 days under non-shading condition, with the growth characteristics of plant height (6.4, 7.2 cm), number of leaves (3, 4), leaf width (4.6, 3.2 mm), leaf length (5.7, 6.8 cm), fresh weight (aerial/root part; 144/260, 97/153 mg), dry weight (aerial/root; 31/20, 17/17 mg) and seedling vigor index and modified seedling vigor index (13,895/9,479, 13,256/8,668). In this research, I. dichotoma and I. setosa seed were stored at $2^{\circ}C$ wet 60 days, and then sown in non-shading condition, seed germination rate was more than 75%, 90%, respectively, and production of superior quality seedlings.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.269-277
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• 1995

This experiment was conducted to study on forage utility of native grasses in polderland for salt tolerance plant selection and good feed with collection and evaluation. As the result of investgate, it was carried out feed evaluation, germination physiology and early growth at the different salt content of Puccinellia coreesis Honda and P. nipponica Ohwi from May 1993 to June 1994. Germination physiology of the grasses was light and low temperature favored optimum germination temperature was 1$0^{\circ}C$, germination period was 30 days. Dormancy awakening was needed wet and high temperature condition with 1~3 days storage. Germination rate increased 18.0% of P. coreensis and 39.0% of P. nipponica than those of non treatments. Early growth condition of different salt content was good also at in 1.00% and 0.50% levels of P. coreensis and P. nipponica. Crude protein content was 8.4% at P. coreensis, 7.1% at P. nipponica and 10.3% of Italian ryegrass, and NFE content was arrangement in order of P. coreensis, Italian ryegrass and P. nipponica. TDN content was not different between P. coreensis, P. nipponica and Italian ryegrass. Also P. coreensis and P. nipponica have a good taste for cattle as same as other crops.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.30-34
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• 1995

Theses studies were conducted to clarify the germinating characteristics of seed treated with different temperature, light, and ($Gibberellin(GA_3)$) to produce the homogeneous seedlings Angelicogigas NAKAI. The results obtained are summarized as follows: Rate and speed of germinating at $25^{\circ}C$ were higher than $15^{\circ}C$and $20^{\circ}C$ by 87.3% and 68.9% and also the required day for germination at 25°C was shortest by 14.1 days. Germination rate at the light condition was 90.7% and that at the dark was 65.7%. Germinating ability of seed stored at $4^{\circ}C$and $-10^{\circ}C$ for 165 days as dried states was 92.0% and 91.3%, while that at room temperature was 50.3%, but the longer storage of seed than 165 days decreased the ability. Gibberellin treatment by 10ppm to seed stored at $4^{\circ}C$ and by 6ppm to seed stored at $-10^{\circ}C$ increased the germination rate more by 20.9% and 31.7% than nontreated seed.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.276-283
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• 1997

This experiment was conducted to investigate the optimum temperature and the effects of sulfuric acid, flowing water and $GA_3$ on the germination of Bupleurum falcatum. At the same time, the effect of germination-related compounds in Bupleurum falcatum seed was tested. Among the tested temperatures $(15,\;20,\;25\;and\;30^{\circ}C)$ the highest germination rate was obtained at $15^{\circ}C$. The optimum soaking time of sulfuric acid was 5 minutes at the concentration of both 0.1 and 1.0%. At the same time, the germination rate was highest when Bupleurum falcatum seed was washed for 2 days in the flowing water before germination test. The effect of $GA_3$ on the germination was highest at 100 ppm out of 10, 50 and 100 ppm. Regardless of treatments, the germination rate of Jeongseon species was higher than that of Mishima species. SEM photographs revealed that most of germination-inhibiting substances in the seed coat were washed away by rinsing in the flowing water for 2 days thus the seed coat became more smooth. The 4, 000 ppm alcohol extract of Bupleurum falcatum seeds inhibited the germination of lettuce seeds as much as 41.7% in Jeongseon species and 58.3% in Mishima species. The higher extract concentration from seed of Bupleurum falcatum, the lower the germination of lettuce seeds was obtained. Out of phenolic acids, the contents of orchinol, pyrogallol, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid were highest in both varieties. Compared with Mishima species, Jeongseon species showed much higher content of salicylic and vanillic acid.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.147-151
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• 1998

The conductivity test is a measure of electrolytes leakage from plant tissue. The shorter the maturation period after heading was the greater electrical conductivity (EC) of rice seed. The polymer-coated seed was not different in EC compared with non-coated seed. As soaking time of rice seed increased, EC increased gradually. The EC varied from 9.9 to 20.7$\mu$S $cm^{-1}g^{-l}$ for control plots and from 21.3 to 41.7$\mu$S $cm^{-1}g^{-l}$ for heat-killed seeds which were produced by autoclaving seeds at 121$^{\circ}C$ for 20 minutes. The germination speed (the rate of 5th day) of rice seed was 94% at control plot, 83% at low temperature and 20% at high temperature. Besides, germination percentage was 95% for the control, 92% for the low temperature treatment and 39% for the high temperature treatment. The EC was negatively correlated (r=-0.771$^{**}$) with germination percentage at low temperature. Water uptake in seeds of 30, 40, 50 days after heading (DAH) was greater than that of 20 DAH. Plant height of seedlings was 9.84 cm for the control but 4.32 cm for the high temperature treatment, and the tallest for polymer-coated seed. Dry weight of seedlings was 0.841 g for the control and 0.287 g at high temperature. Besides, the polymer-coated seed was heavier than non-coated seed. The number of roots was largest from 40 to 50 DAH and polymer-coated seed, but was decreased from 20 to 30 DAH. The length of roots was 20.52 cm at control plot and 19.89 cm polymer-coated seed but 8.68 cm for the low temperature treatment and 7.28 cm for the high temperature treatment.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.48-53
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• 2000

Lacquer tree can be proliferated by root or stem cutting, and seed. In case of proliferation by seed, however, the germination rate is very low. Thus, the present study was carried out to obtain aspceptic lacquer plant in vitro from seed because natural tissue culture was highly defiled by unknown fungi and bacteria. First seed grading on distilled water was 50.7% and second seed grading was 20.8% after 98% sulfuric acid treatment for 2 hours. Removal of inner seed coat was higher with 32.4% than non-removal of outer seed coat and removal outer seed coat in rooting rate. In germination rate according to pre-treatment, growth regulators were not effective at all, but sulfuric acid was effective a little with 3%. Removal outer seed coat was increased about 4%, that germinated about 10% in MS medium supplemented with 1.0mg/L BA and 0.05mg/L NAA, 1.0mg/L BA. Lacquer tree seeds germinated after 10 days in MS medium, and aspceptic seedling of lacquer tree were obtained after 3 weeks in vitro. Germination rate, however, was lower about 10%.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 2004

This research was investigated to prepare basic data in a study on the copper tolerance of herbaceous plants through the growth rate and the elimination rate dependent on Cu concentration of 6 species; Commelina communis, Medicago sativa, Echinochloa frumentancea, Zea mays, Helianthus annuus and Abutilon avicennae, We examined the germination rate, root and shoot growth of seedling and fresh biomass of 6 species (Commelina communis, Medicago sativa, Echinochloa frumentancea, Zea mays, Helianthus annuus and Abutilon avicennae) painted to Cu contaminated soil (50, 100, 200, 300-CuCl₂/㎏) and control for 14 days. The germination rate of H. annuus, E. frumentancea and C. communis were not affected by Cu concentration. However, root and shoot growth of H. annuus was about 7% of control and the biomass was 35% of control at 300 ㎎-CuCl₂/㎏. E. frumentancea and C. communis that showed good growth rate at higher Cu contaminated soil (>200 -CuCl₂/㎏), were the most tolerant plant to Cu concentration. Especially, E. frumentancea eliminated over 30% of Cu in soil and the amount of Cu uptake increased with increasing Cu concentration; 1,020㎎ Cu per 1 ㎏ of soil at 300 ㎎-CuCl₂/㎏. From these results, we concluded that E. frumentancea would be used for phytoremediation.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.50-57
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• 2017

This study aimed to investigate the morphological characteristics and optimal germination conditions in seeds of Arabis pendula L., a traditionally edible and medicinal plant. The external seed shape was circular-obovate with narrow wings and dark brown. The seed length and width were 1.25 mm and 1.47 mm, respectively. The seeds were exalbuminous and the embryo was a bent type. Seed germination was the highest (49.7%) at $20^{\circ}C$ under dark conditions among the various temperature and light conditions applied. However, under the dark condition, the seedling was weak, overgrown, and the cotyledons were small and folded. To improve the germination and growth of seedlings, the seeds were pre-treated with $GA_3$ solutions of varying concentrations (0, 200, 500, and 1,000 mg/L). The seed germination and seedling growth were effectively improved by $GA_3$ pre-treatment. The germination rate was the highest (97.3%), mean germination time was the shortest (8.1 days), and a vigorous growth of seedlings was observed upon pre-soaking the seeds in 500 mg/L $GA_3$ solution. In conclusion, the best method for germination was pre-soaking in 500 mg/L $GA_3$ ($4^{\circ}C$, dark, 24 h) and incubating the seeds at $20^{\circ}C$ for 15 days.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.309-313
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• 2001

This research was conducted to test cadmium tolerance by five speices of native herbs for screening cadmium tolerance plant. We examined germination rate, root and shoot growth rate of seedling, fresh biomass of native herbs exposed to cadmium solution for 14 days. Especially, germination rate of Abutilon avicennae and Amaranthus retroflexus was over 90% in all concentration, but germination rate of Aeschynomene indica, Echinochloa crus-galli var. oryzicola and Echinochla crus-galli var. frumentacea began to decrease when they exposed to 15 mgCdSO₄ /L. The higher the Cd concentration, the length of root, shoot grew lower. The fresh biomass of Echinochloa crus-galli var. oryzicola, Echinochla crus-galli var. frumentacea and Amaranthus retro-flexus were not so different from each control, but those of Abutilon avicennae and Aeschynomene indica began to decrese greatly when exposed to 60 mgCdSO₄ /L. EC/sub 50/(Effective Concentration 50%) of Abutilon avicennae, Aeschynomene indica and Amaranthus retroflexus was 44.6∼77.5 mgCdSO₄ /L for root growth, 38.6∼114 mgCdSO₄ /L for shoot growth, 60∼107.5 mgCdSO₄ /L for fresh biomass. Among the native herbs, sensitivity of cadmium ordered as root length > fresh biomass > shoot length. These results indicate that Abutilon avicennae is a tolerant species for cadmium.