• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제42권1호
• /
• pp.21-26
• /
• 2018

Background: Furosine (${\varepsilon}$-N-2-furoylmethyl-L-lysine, FML) is an amino acid derivative, which is considered to be an important indicator of the extent of damage (deteriorating the quality of amino acid and proteins due to a blockage of lysine and a decrease in the digestibility of proteins) during the early stages of the Maillard reaction. In addition, FML has been proven to be harmful because it is closely related to a variety of diseases such as diabetes. The qualitative analysis of FML in fresh and processed ginsengs was confirmed using HPLC-MS. Methods: An ion-pair reversed-phase LC method was used for the quantitative analysis of FML in various ginseng samples. Results: The contents of FML in the ginseng samples were 3.35-42.28 g/kg protein. The lowest value was observed in the freshly collected ginseng samples, and the highest value was found in the black ginseng concentrate. Heat treatment and honey addition significantly increased the FML content from 3.35 g/kg protein to 42.28 g/kg protein. Conclusion: These results indicate that FML is a promising indicator to estimate the heat treatment degree and honey addition level during the manufacture of ginseng products. The FML content is also an important parameter to identity the quality of ginseng products. In addition, the generation and regulation of potentially harmful Maillard reaction products-FML in ginseng processing was also investigated, providing a solid theoretical foundation and valuable reference for safe ginseng processing.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
• /
• 제16권1호
• /
• pp.37-45
• /
• 2012

지반가속도의 초당 최대값은 최근 제정된 지진재해대책법에 따라 지진기록계로부터 통신망을 통해 소방방재청으로 실시간 제공되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 현재 PGA를 기반으로 한 신속한 지진피해통보 용도로만 고려되고 있는 지반가속도의 초당 최대값의 추가적인 활용성을 검토하고자, 국내외 강진자료 및 중소규모 지진자료에 대한 초당 100 샘플링된 지반가속도 자료의 1초 구간내 최대 절대값을 30초 동안 적산한 결과($BSPGA_k$)를 CAV(Cumulative Absolute Velocity) 및 진도 등과 비교하였다. CAV는 진도와의 높은 상관성으로 지진발생시 원자력발전소의 운전초과기준으로 사용되고 있으나, 계산시 초당 100 샘플링 이상의 많은 양의 지진파형 디지털 자료를 필요로 하는 단점이 있다. 비교 결과 $BSPGA_k$는 지진규모에 따른 지진동 수준과 상관없이 CAV와 전 범위에서 높은 상관성을 나타내었으며, 다수의 관측소가 연계된 지진관측망 운영시 유용하게 활용될 수 있는 신속 지진피해평가 지진동 파라미터로 확인되었다. 국내 중소규모 유감지진자료에 대한 지진진도 자료와의 비교결과, $BSPGA_k$-진도 상관식을 이용한 진도추정 오차는 CAV-진도 상관식의 진도추정 오차와 유사하였으며, PGA-진도 상관식보다 진도를 신뢰성 있게 추정하였다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
• /
• 제51권11호
• /
• pp.977-987
• /
• 2018

상수관망시스템의 운영목적은 탄력성을 높여 각종 비정상상황에 유연하게 대처할 수 있는 방향으로 점차 변화하고 있으며 이에 따라 비정상상황에 따른 단수구역 발생에 대한 사후대책 대비를 통한 탄력성 향상이 필수적이다. 이를 위한 가장 효율적인 방법은 수계전환에 따른 비상공급 수원확보이며, 비상관로를 통하여 인접 배수블록으로부터 단수된 구역에 용수를 공급할 수 있다. 성공적인 비상연계 운영을 위해서는, 수리학적 해석을 통하여 시공간적인 측면에서의 공급성능을 평가해야 한다. 비상연계 시, 공간적인 범위를 결정하는 주요 요소는 관경, 위치 및 관저고와 같은 비상관로에 해당하는 제원이며, 시간적인 범위를 결정하는 주요 요소는 연계배수지의 용량과 정수장에 공급 가능한 추가수량이다. 본 연구에서는 A시의 상수관망에 대하여 배수지 1지에 문제가 발생하여 타 배수지들로부터 비상연계를 받는 시나리오에 대하여 모의를 진행하였다. 배수지의 저류량 및 유입량에 대한 모의를 위하여 Advanced-Pressure Driven Analysis 모형을 사용하였으며, 수리해석 결과를 바탕으로 공급범위기준지표 및 공급시간기준지표를 산정하여 연계공급성능에 대한 다각도적인 평가를 진행하였다. 이에 비상연계에 대하여 소비자들이 실제 체감하는 공급성능을 시공간적인 측면에서 파악할 수 있었으며, 설계제원의 타당성에 대한 검토가 가능하였다. 이는 비상연계 성능향상을 위한 구조적 대책 및 비구조적 대책 수립에 대한 의사결정에 용이하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.11-21
• /
• 1986

The study was performed to investigate the effects of gaseous imission of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride on the growth of rice plant under stressed field conditions. The plants were cultivated in normal paddy fields where are 88 industrial plants operating with 285 smoke stacks emitting pollutants. There has been a number of reported studies (1, 3, 11, 19, 20) which deal with rice plant damages by air pollution under a simulated exposure experimental condition. Furthermore, these experiments were conducted to examine effects of a single pollutant on the plant. Furthermore, these experiments were conducted to examine effects of a single pollutant on the plant. In korea, however, there is no study reported in literature with respect to the in-situ dose-response relationship between rice pant reduction in yields and air pollution. This study is specifically dealt with multiple effects of sulfur dioxde and hydrogen fluoride on various plant growth indicators such as leaf damage, culm height, weight of grain, panicles per hill, spikelets per panicle and percent fertility.It appears that there is a good correlation between ambient concentrations of sulfur oxides and sulfur contents found in leaves with an average correlation coefficient of 0.868 within a 1% significance level. It is interesting to note that a better multiple correlation was found between percent leaf damage and sulfur and fluoride contentd found in leaf with a significance of 1% level. The yearly correlation coefficient ranges from 0.963 to 0.987 with an average being 0.971. It is, therefore, believed that a percent leaf damage may serve as a single indicator of pollutional damages to rice plant cultivating in fields. Regarding other factors to the diminution of rice plant growth in polluted atmosphere, it appears that a significant correlation to culm length and dry weight of grain with a 1% significance level whereas T/R ratio has a good correlation with lead damage within 5% significance level. An evaluation of data observed has demonstrated that both panicles per hill and percent fertility are significantly affected by air pollutants. As expected, hydrogen fluoride has more effects than sulfur oxide. It is, however, interesting to note that spikelets per panicles has slightly been affected while no indication of effects on 1000-grain-weight has been observed. This may lead to a conclusion that a reduction in yield of rice under polluted field conditions may have more been caused by the diminution of panicles per hill and percent fertility rather than by the diminution of spikelets per panicle and grain weight.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제30권12호
• /
• pp.1245-1254
• /
• 2008

지구온난화 영향의 사회적 비용(외부비용) 추산 방법을 제안하는 것이 이 연구의 목적이다. 지구온난화 영향의 피해를 받는 대상을 정의하기 위하여 엔드포인트 접근방법(endpoint approach)을, 피해를 받는 대상에 대한 경제적 가치를 산출하기 위하여 컨조인트 분석(conjoint analysis)을 각각 적용하였다. 보호대상에 대한 사회적 선호도와 지불의사금액(Willingness to Pay; WTP)을 측정하여 보호대상에 대한 경제적 가치를 추정한 결과 인간 건강은 62,261,700원/DALY(년)(장애보정생존연수), 사회 자산은 10,000원/10,000원이었다. 또한 각 보호대상에 대한 단위 피해를 정량화 한 피해계수(damage factor)와 인간 건강과 사회 자산에 대한 경제적 가치를 곱하여 GHG의 비용계수(cost factor)를 산출하였다. 온실가스 중 CO$_2$의 경우 비용계수는 13.52원/kg(13,520원/ton)으로 산출되었다. 제품 및 서비스로 인해 배출된 GHG 목록 결과값과 각 온실가스의 비용계수를 곱하여 지구온난화의 외부비용을 산출하였다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
• /
• 제27권3호
• /
• pp.1-18
• /
• 2024

The study aims to establish a direction for forest ecological restoration by classifying forest types and understanding the ecological characteristics of the Uljin forest area damaged by a large fire in 2022. Hierarchical cluster analysis and indicator species analysis were conducted on 78 survey plots located in the forest fire-affected area, and four forest cover types were derived: P. densiflora pure forests, P. densiflora dominant forests, mixed broad-leaved forests, and Q. variabilis dominant forests. As a result of visually comparing changes in forest types before and after forest fire damage, by classifying data according to whether or not upper dead trees are included, it was confirmed that pine forests, which have a high proportion of pine trees, spread widely due to forest fire damage. However, broad-leaved mixed forests and oyster oak dominant forests showed characteristics of maintaining concentration, indicating that pine forests were severely damaged. As a result of the important value analysis, during the process of natural recovery after a forest fire, the species that appear early in the lower layer are the sprouts of existing species such as Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb., Quercus variabilis Blume, Fraxinus sieboldiana Blume, Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz. The distribution of diameter at breast height by forest cover type showed that among areas with extreme forest fire damage, the proportion of dead trees was relatively high and structural changes were large in P. densiflora pure forests and P. densiflora dominant forests where pine trees had a high distribution ratio. However, if continuous monitoring is carried out in the future with reference to the results of this study and plant data is collected and analyzed from a mid- to long-term perspective, it is believed that it will be used as useful data to promote forest ecological restoration projects in forest fire-affected areas.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.49-71
• /
• 2015

The present paper aims at evaluating damage and collapse behavior of low-rise buildings with unidirectional mass irregularities in plan (torsional buildings). In previous earthquake events, such buildings have been exposed to extensive damages and even total collapse in some cases. To investigate the performance and collapse behavior of such buildings from probabilistic points of view, three-dimensional three and six-story reinforced concrete models with unidirectional mass eccentricities ranging from 0% to 30% and designed with modern seismic design code provisions specific to intermediate ductility class were subjected to nonlinear static as well as extensive nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) under a set of far-field real ground motions containing 21 two-component records. Performance of each model was then examined by means of calculating conventional seismic design parameters including the response reduction (R), structural overstrength (${\Omega}$) and structural ductility (${\mu}$) factors, calculation of probability distribution of maximum inter-story drift responses in two orthogonal directions and calculation collapse margin ratio (CMR) as an indicator of performance. Results demonstrate that substantial differences exist between the behavior of regular and irregular buildings in terms of lateral load capacity and collapse margin ratio. Also, results indicate that current seismic design parameters could be non-conservative for buildings with high levels of plan eccentricity and such structures do not meet the target "life safety" performance level based on safety margin against collapse. The adverse effects of plan irregularity on collapse safety of structures are more pronounced as the number of stories increases.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
• /
• 제20권12호
• /
• pp.1980-1991
• /
• 2017

Many stroke patients undergoing rehabilitation therapy require a quantitative indicator for the evaluation of body function in paretic and non-paretic regions. In this study, the impedance parameters were acquired to assess the physical status in the upper extremity of thirty six stroke patients with hemiplegia caused by cerebral hemorrhage (10 patients) and cerebral infarction (26 patients), using bioelectrical impedance. Prediction marker (PM), phase angle (PA), PM/PA, and resistance (R) versus reactance ($X_c$) were utilized to evaluate the functional status of the paretic and non-paretic regions. In addition, the hand grip strength (HGS) and the pinch strength (lateral, palmer, tip) were measured on the upper extremity of hemiplegic stroke patients. PM was distributed in inversely proportional to HGS, but PA was distributed in proportional to HGS. However, there were a number of patients with HGS of 0, regardless of the impedance parameters (PM, PA, R vs. $X_c$). Paretic and non-paretic status in upper extremity of these patients could not be analyzed using impedance parameters. At the rehabilitation therapist's instructions, they were unable to move the hand and fingers of the paretic upper extremity by cranial nerve damage, motor nerve damage, and severe cognitive decline.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.225-229
• /
• 2003

Plant ash and soil drainage, derived by frequent mountain fires during winter, might cause biological contamination to seaweeds at seashore and river mouse area. To thalli of Ulva pertusa, maximum non-lethal concentration(MNLC), lethal concentration 50 $(LC_{50})$ and minimum lethal concentration (MLC) of pine needle ash were shown as 60, 350 and 550 mg/mL, respectively. The yellow loess and granite sand did not damage at concentrations of 20 and 200 mg/mL, respectively To thalli of Porphyra yezoensis, the MNLC, LC5O, MLC of pine needle ash were shown as 0.08, 0.4 and 1.0 mg/mL, respectively. Effects of yellow loess and granite sand were approximately 1/2 and 1/10 of the ash. To thalli of Undaria pinnatifida, the pine needle ash, yellow loess and granite sand did not damage at the concentration range of 20 to 40 mg/mL. Change of pigments $(chlorophyll\;\alpha,\;lutein,\;\beta-carotene,\;phycoerthrin)$ was also determined at the MNLC, $LC-{50}$ and MLC of pine needle ash. Among three seaweeds tested, P. yezoensis produced the most 2.7-fold of lutein and 2.3-fold of $\beta-carotene$ at $LC-{50}$ of the ash. Thus the P. yezoensis, appeared as a sensitive indicator, could be used as one of test organisms for determination of the biological effect of pollutants contaminated in marine environment.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제34권6호
• /
• pp.891-907
• /
• 2020

Many studies reveal that during destructive earthquakes, most of the structures enter the inelastic phase. The amount of hysteretic energy in a structure is considered as an important criterion in structure design and an important indicator for the degree of its damage or vulnerability. The hysteretic energy value wasted after the structure yields is the most important component of the energy equation that affects the structures system damage thereof. Controlling this value of energy leads to controlling the structure behavior. Here, for the first time, the hysteretic behavior and energy dissipation capacity are assessed at presence of elliptical braced resisting frames (ELBRFs), through an experimental study and numerical analysis of FEM. The ELBRFs are of lateral load systems, when located in the middle bay of the frame and connected properly to the beams and columns, in addition to improving the structural behavior, do not have the problem of architectural space in the bracing systems. The energy dissipation capacity is assessed in four frames of small single-story single-bay ELBRFs at ½ scale with different accessories, and compared with SMRF and X-bracing systems. The frames are analyzed through a nonlinear FEM and a quasi-static cyclic loading. The performance features here consist of hysteresis behavior, plasticity factor, energy dissipation, resistance and stiffness variation, shear strength and Von-Mises stress distribution. The test results indicate that the good behavior of the elliptical bracing resisting frame improves strength, stiffness, ductility and dissipated energy capacity in a significant manner.