• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.spc1
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• pp.220-223
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• 2005

As functional evaluation of mulberry fruits extracts, the protective effect on cerebral cell and antibacterial activities were carried. $1\%$ HCl-MeOH extract showed $37\%$ cytoprotective effect on hydrogen peroxide, also C3G identified mulberry fruits and cyanidin showed $52\%,\;76\%$, respectively, protective effects on oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). In the antibacterial activity of mulberry fruit extracts, MeOB-Cheongil extract showed the highest inhibitory activity. Salmonella typhimurium was shown inhibitory rate more than $70\%$ in all treatment groups. Also Klebsiella pneumoniae was shown inhibitory activity in all treatment groups.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.91-91
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• 2019

Hibiscus syriacus L. is widely distributed throughout Eastern and Southern Asia and its root bark has been used as a traditional remedy. Recently, the extracts of H. syriacus L. exerts anti-cancerous, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the effect of anthocyanin-rich fraction of H. syriacus L. petals (PS) has not been studied under excessive oxidative stress. In this study, we evaluated the cellular protective effect of PS in HaCaT human skin keratinocytes under hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)-induced oxidative stress conditions. PS at below $400{\mu}g/ml$ did not show any cell death; however, over $800{\mu}g/ml$ of PS gradually increased cell death. PS at below $400{\mu}g/ml$ significantly inhibited $H_2O_2$-induced apoptosis in HaCaT cells concomitant with downregulation of Bax and upregulation of pro-PARP and p-Bcl-2. Additionally, PS remarkably reversed $H_2O_2$-induced excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis, and also significantly inhibited mitochondrial ROS production concomitant with suppression of $H_2O_2$-induced mitochondrial depolarization. $H_2O_2$-mediated ratio of Bax to Bcl-2, and caspase-3 activation were markedly abolished in the presence of PS. Moreover, the inhibition of HO-1 function using zinc protoporphyrin, an HO-1 inhibitor, significantly attenuated the cellular protective effects of PS against $H_2O_2$, indicating the significance of HO-1 in PS mediated cytoprotective effect, which was mediated by activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2). Taken together, our results suggest that cytoprotective effect of PS in HaCaT keratinocytes against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis is mediated by inhibiting cellular and mitochondrial ROS production, which is downregulated by activating Nrf2/HO-1 axis.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.426-432
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• 2016

Age-related rotator cuff tendon degeneration is related to tenofibroblast apoptosis. Anthocyanins reduce oxidative stress-induced apoptotic cell death in tenofibroblasts. The current study investigated the presence of cell protective effects in cyanidin and delphinidin, the most common aglycon forms of anthocyanins. We determined whether these anthocyanidins have antiapoptotic and antinecrotic effects in tenofibroblasts exposed to $H_2O_2$, and evaluated their biomolecular mechanisms. Both cyanidin and delphinidin inhibited $H_2O_2$-induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. However, at concentrations of $100{\mu}g/ml$ or greater, delphinidin showed cytotoxicity against tenofibroblasts and a decreased antinecrotic effect. Cyanidin and delphinidin both showed inhibitory effects on the $H_2O_2$-induced increase in intracellular ROS formation and the activation of ERK1/2 and JNK. In conclusion, both cyanidin and delphinidin have cytoprotective effects on cultured tenofibroblasts exposed to $H_2O_2$. These results suggest that cyanidin and delphinidin are both beneficial for the treatment of oxidative stress-mediated tenofibroblast cell death, but their working concentrations are different.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.118-122
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• 2007

We have studied the cytoprotective effect on H$_2$O$_2$ induced oxidative stress from leaves of Carpinus tschonoskii. The methanol extract of Carpinus tschonoskii was found to scavenge intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) using flow cytometry and confocal microscope. This extract prevented lipid peroxidation and thus reduced cell death of Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79-4) induced by H$_2$O$_2$ treatment. The extract increased catalase activity and phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK). Taken together, the results suggest that Carpinus tschonoskii protects V79-4 cells against oxidative damage by H$_2$O$_2$ through scavenging ROS.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.36 no.3 s.142
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• pp.224-228
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• 2005

Protective effects of various natural flavonoids on carbon tetrachloride $(CCl_4)-induced$ hepatotoxicity were investigated in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Some of these flavonoids decreased the ALT and LDH releases induced by $CCl_4$ in A dose-dependent manner. Neohesperidin, hesperetin, baicalin, baicalein and quercetin inhibited $CCl_4-induced$ alanine aminotransferase (ALT) release. In addition, quercetin, quercitrin, neohesperidin, baicalin, baicalein and naringin reduced $CCl_4$ induced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage. Among these flavonoids, quercitrin, quercetin, baicalin and baicalein possessed potent protective effects and were selected for the further investigation on lipid peroxidation. These four flavonoids inhibited dose dependently $CCl_4-induced$ lipid peroxidation. Especially, the protective effects of quercetin and baicalein were similar to silybin as a well-known hepatoprotective agent. These results suggest that these four flavonoids have significant cytoprotective effects and possibility of therapeutic effect on chemical-induced liver diseases.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.153-165
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• 2010

Objectives : The aims of this study were to investigate the cytoprotective, antioxidative and inflammation genes inhibitory effects of Patriniae Radix on the mouse LLC-$PK_1$ cells (renal epithelial cells). Methods : The cytoprotective effect of Patriniae Radix was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The antioxidative effect was measured in terms of generation amount of superoxide anion radical (${\cdot}{O_2}^-$) by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA), nitric oxide (NO) by 4,5-diaminofluorescein (DAF-2), peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$) by dihyldrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) by $PGE_2$ immunoassay on $H_2O_2$-treated LLC-$PK_1$ cells. For measuring of inflammation genes inhibitory effects, western blot was performed to detect IKK-$\alpha$, phospho-$I{\kappa}B-\alpha$, NF-${\kappa}B$ (p50, p65), COX-2, iNOS, IL-$1{\beta}$ and VCAM-1 protein level in cytosol fractions from LLC-$PK_1$ cells. Results : Patriniae Radix extract reduced the $H_2O_2$-induced cell death and inhibited the amount of $H_2O_2$-induced ${\cdot}{O_2}^-$, NO, $ONOO^-$, $PGE_2$ generation dose-dependently on the mouse LLC-$PK_1$ cells in vitro. Also Patriniae Radix extract inhibited the expression of IKK-$\alpha$, phospho-$I{\kappa}B-\alpha$, COX-2, iNOS, IL-$1\beta$ and VCAM-1 genes dose-dependently by means of decreasing activation of NF-${\kappa}B$. Conclusions : According to above results, it was identified that Patriniae Radix had the cytoprotective, antioxidative and inflammation genes inhibitory effects. So it was suggested that Patriniae Radix would be effective to the treatment for the inflammatory process and inflammation-related diseases.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.56-67
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• 2011

Objectives : Recent etiological studies show that oxidative stress might play a major role in the diabetes and its complications. Mori Ramulus (MR) has been known to have antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects. The methanol extract of MR was tested for its effectiveness in LLC-PK1 cells exposed to high glucose. Methods : The cytoprotective effect of MR was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The antioxidative effect was measured in terms of generation amount of ${\cdot}O_2^-$ by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA), NO by 4,5-diaminofluorescein (DAF-2), $ONOO^-$ by dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123) in the high glucose -treated LLC-$PK_1$ cells. Western blotting was performed using anti-AGE, anti-RAGE, anti-MAPKs(ERK1/2, JNK, p38), anti-PI3K, anti-Akt, and anti-NF-${\kappa}$B (p50, p65) respectively. Results : MR extract reduced cell death and inhibited the generation of ${\cdot}O_2^-$, NO, $ONOO^-$ in the high glucose-treated LLC-$PK_1$ cells. MR inhibited the expression of AGE, RAGE, MAPKs, PI3K, and Akt by means of decreasing NF-${\kappa}$B activation. MR also inhibited NF-${\kappa}$B activation itself. Conclusions : These results indicate MR has cytoprotective, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore it is suggested that MR might prevent and cure diabetes and its complications.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.352-359
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• 2011

Korean red ginseng (KRG) is used worldwide as a popular traditional herbal medicine. KRG has shown beneficial effects on cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and hypertension. Up-regulation of a cytoprotective protein, heme oxygenase (HO)-1, is considered to augment the cellular defense against various agents that may induce cytotoxic injury. In the present study, we demonstrate that KRG water extract induces HO-1 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and possible involvement of the anti-oxidant transcription factor nuclear factor-eythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). KRG-induced HO-1 expression was examined by western blots, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence staining. Specific silencing of Nrf2 genes with Nrf2-siRNA in HUVECs abolished HO-1 expression. In addition, the HO inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin blunted the preventive effect of KRG on $H_2O_2$-induced cell death, as demonstrated by terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay. Taken together, these results suggest that KRG may exert a vasculoprotective effect through Nrf2-mediated HO-1 induction in human endothelial cell by inhibition of cell death.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.33-38
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• 2013

Objects : Apoptosis leads to the death of a cell. The mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, a process regulated by the Bcl-2 family of proteins, plays a key role in various biological processes. The tuber of Liriope platyphylla Wang et TANG (Liliaceae), also known as Liriopis tuber, is famous in Oriental medicine owing to its tonic, antitussive, expectorant and anti-asthmatic properties. The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of the Liriopis tuber on mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in PC-12 cells. Method : A cytotoxic test on Liriopis Tuber water extract was conducted and another MTT assay was conducted to observe the cytoprotective effect against 4-HNE 25 ${\mu}M$ that causes oxidative stress in PC-12 cells for 24 hours. In addition, in order to observe the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax protein involved with apoptosis, western blot was conducted. Results : The LT water extract had no toxicity for PC-12 cell. In the cytoprotective effect against 4-HNE, both of the group treated with 50 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and 100 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of LT water extract showed a significant increase in comparison with the control group. In Bax protein expression, all the experimental groups treated with LT water extract showed a decrease in comparison with the control group but had no significance. In Bcl-2 protein expression, all the experimental groups treated with LT water extract showed a significant increase in comparison with the control group. Conclusion : These results suggest that LT is effective in reducing apoptosis.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.568-576
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• 2017

As interest in functionality and environmentally friendly cosmetics is growing in recent years, materials that use safe and effective plant extracts have been developed. Therefore, this study also attempted to check the possibility of the graviola extract, which is known to have various efficacy mainly as a health functional material as a functional cosmetic material. In order to find out the antioxidant activity of graviola, we measured total polyphenol, total flavonoid content and DPPH radical scavenging activity and measured the ROS activity inhibition effect and cytoprotective effect on oxidative stress by treating HDF with hydrogen peroxide cells at an appropriate concentration after checking cytotoxicity in HDF cells. Based on the results of this experiment, the graviola extract was found to contain as high as 26.6 mg(CA)/100g, 14.3 mg(Q)/100g of total polyphenol and flavonoid, which are the antioxidant indexes and to have the high radical scavenging activity. The cell survival rate of the HDF cells was measured, and as a result, no significant cytotoxicity was observed at all concentrations and the experiment was carried out at a concentration of $100{\mu}g/mL$ afterwards. Inhibition of ROS activity in HDF cells induced by hydrogen peroxide was measured and the concentration-dependent inhibition of ROS activity was found and the cell protection effect of graviola was measured after hydrogen peroxide was treated for 4, 24 and 48 hours. As a result, the cell protection effect as high as 89.92% was confirmed at a $25{\mu}g/mL$ concentration up to 24 hours. As these results show that the graviola extract has excellent antioxidant activity, almost no toxicity to HDF cells, an effective activity inhibitory effect on active oxygen generated by hydrogen peroxide and excellent cytoprotective effect, the possibility as various functional materials with antioxidant and cytoprotective effects was confirmed.