• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 1996

In order to investigate the Immunomodulatory effects of ginseng, we have studied the effects of ginseng saponin on the proliferation and cytosine gene expression of human pheripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC). In the PBMC proliferation assay, total saponin exhibited proliferation inhibition on the PBMC or phytohemagglutinin(PHA)-stimulated PBMC in a dose-dependent fashion. Immunomodulatory effects of ginseng were further investigated using the cytokine gene expression as the indicators. In the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), migration inhibitory factor and transforming growth factor genes were expressed in the PHA-stimulated PBMC 48 hrs after cell culture. Among expressed cytokines, total saponin could increase the expression of IL-1 and TNF of PBMC without stimulation of PHA. All of ginsenosides, $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, $Rg_1$, Rc, Re, incresed TNF gene expression. Especially, Rb2 (20 g/ml) showed most prominent effect on TNF gene expression and it also slightly increased IL-1 gene expression of PBMC.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.978-982
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• 1997

In order to investigate the immunomodulatory mechanism of Ganoderma lucidum, the effects of protein-bound polysacchride of Ganoderma lucidum on the proliferation and cytokine gene expression of mouse peritoneal macrophages was studied. In the macrophage proliferation assay using the BrdU labeling reagent, the GLA component extracted from Ganoderma lucidum or GLB from the bud of Ganoderma lucidum were added to the medium at the concentration of 0 to 256ug/ml. DNA synthesis of the macrophage was increased at 16ug/ml of GLA and 64ug/ml of GLB, respectively. In the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR), the cytokine(TNF, IL-1, and IL-12) gene and $\beta$-actin expression were also analyzed. 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of either GLA or GLB increased TNF and IL-1 expression of the macrophages.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.32.1-32.15
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• 2022

Malaria is a life-threatening disease, and Africa is still one of the most affected endemic regions despite years of policy to limit infection and transmission rates. Further, studies into the variable efficacy of the vaccine are needed to provide a better understanding of protective immunity. Thus, the current study is designed to delineate the effect of each dose of vaccine on the transcriptional profiles of subjects to determine its efficacy and understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the protection this vaccine provides. Here, we used gene expression profiles of pre and post-vaccination patients after various doses of RTS,S based on samples collected from the Gene Expression Omnibus datasets. Subsequently, differential gene expression analysis using edgeR revealed the significantly (false discovery rate < 0.005) 158 downregulated and 61 upregulated genes between control vs. controlled human malaria infection samples. Further, enrichment analysis of significant genes delineated the involvement of CCL8, CXCL10, CXCL11, XCR1, CSF3, IFNB1, IFNE, IL12B, IL22, IL6, IL27, etc., genes which found to be upregulated after earlier doses but downregulated after the 3rd dose in cytokine-chemokine pathways. Notably, we identified 13 cytokine genes whose expression significantly varied during three doses. Eventually, these findings give insight into the dual role of cytokine responses in malaria pathogenesis. The variations in their expression patterns after various doses of vaccination are linked to the protection as it decreases the severe inflammatory effects in malaria patients. This study will be helpful in designing a better vaccine against malaria and understanding the functions of cytokine response as well.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 2011

Objective ： Lonicera japonica contains anti complementary polysaccharides and polyphenolic compound. Among these polyphenolic substances, chlorogenic acid is the major active component of this plant. However, the immunological mechanisms for these activities, have not been elucidated, nor the active components. To clarify immunomodulatory effects of those we examined the relationship between the activity of CD8+ T cell-mediated lysis and the frequency of cytokine profiles in spleen, thymus (especially IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-4, GM-CSF etc.) expressing CD8+ T cells activated by IL-2. Methods : To study immunomodulatory effects ethyl acetate fraction from Lonicera japonica, chlorogenic acid on cytokine gene expression from spleen, thymus cells, RT-PCR was performed after quantitative normalization for each gene by a densitometry using ${\beta}$-actin gene expression. A modified standard $^{51}Cr$-release assay was used to measure cytotoxic activities of cytotoxic T cells. Spleen, thymus cells from NOD mice were stained with CD3, CD4, CD44, CD69 in staining buffer and analyzed by two color flow cytometry. Results : We showed that ethyl acetate fraction from Lonicera japonica in combination with IL-2 resulted in a significant enhancement of PCR products for IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-4, IL-10, GM-CSF, IL-6 and cytotoxtic CD8+ T cell proportion in spleen and thymus T cells in NOD mice. This suggests that IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-6 like IL-4 may be acting as a regulatory rather than proinflammatory cytokine. Conclusions : In conclusion, based on the results of the present study which showed that ethyl acetate fraction from Lonicera japonica and chlorogenic acid upregulating cytokine gene expression in spleen and thymus, we are tempted to speculate that some of the therapeutic efficacies such as anti-diabetic activity of Lonicera japonica are due to the immunomodulatory its ethylacetate fraction and chlorogenic acid.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.1-17
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• 2005

In many recent studies, molecular biological methods have been used to investigate the role of cytokines in pathogenesis of lung disease. This Experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of Sochungyong-tang on gene expressions in Mouse Alveolar Macrophage. Fer this purpose, we observed the cytokines ($IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-10, iNOS, $MIP-1{\alpha},\;MIP-1{\beta},\;MIP-1{\gamma},\;TGF-{\beta},\;TNF-{\alpha}$). We picked the alveolar macrophage out of mice and cultured it. We analyzed the cytokine gene expression by reverse transcription-PCR. The results obtained were as follows : 1 . Sochungyong-tang showed inhibitory effects on $IL-1{\beta}$ in time and concentration. 2. Sochungyong-tang showed inhibitory effects on IL-6 in time and concentration. 3. Sochungyong-tang showed inhibitory effects on IL-10 in concentration. 4. Sochungyong-tang showed inhibitory effects on iNOS. 5. Sochungyong-tang showed inhibitory effects on $TGF-{\beta}$ in time and concentration. 6. Sochungyong-tang showed on inhibitory effects on $MIP-1{\alpha},\;MIP-1{\beta},\;MIP-1{\gamma}$, $TCF-{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$. According to above results, it is supposed that Sochungyong-tang has the inhibitory effects on cytokine gene expression in mouse alveolar macrophage and can be usefully applied for curing inflammatory process of lung disease. Advanced studies are required to investigate the cure mechanism of Sochungyong-tang in the future.

• Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.771-779
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into several cell types. In addition, many studies have shown that MSCs modulate the immune response. However, little information is currently available regarding the maintenance of immunomodulatory characteristics of MSCs through passages. Therefore, we investigated and compared cytokine and gene expression levels from adipose (AD) and bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs relevant to immune modulation from early to late passages. METHODS: MSC immunophenotype, growth characteristics, cytokine expressions, and gene expressions were analyzed. RESULTS: AD-MSCs and BM-MSCs had similar cell morphologies and surface marker expressions from passage 4 to passage 10. Cytokines secreted by AD-MSCs and BM-MSCs were similar from early to late passages. AD-MSCs and BM-MSCs showed similar immunomodulatory properties in terms of cytokine secretion levels. However, the gene expressions of tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene (TSG)-6 and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G were decreased and gene expressions of galectin-1 and -3 were increased in both AD- and BM-MSCs with repeated passages. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that the immunophenotype and expression of immunomodulation-related cytokines of AD-MSCs and BM-MSCs immunomodulation through the passages were not significantly different, even though the gene expressions of both MSCs were different.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.287-292
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• 2005

In the present study, immune gene expression of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, against bacterial endotoxin (LPS) was studied in vivo. The expression of prointflammatory cytokine genes (IL-1$\beta$ and TNF-$\alpha$) and IFN-related genes (IRF-I, Mx-3) at gill was assessed by RT-PCR at different time point of day1 and day 3 post-injection. It was shown that the proinflammatory cytokine gene expression at gill was induced 1 day after LPS injection but the expression was not sustained until day 3. Meanwhile upregulated expression of IFN-related genes was found to be only at day 3 post injection, indicating indirect effect of LPS on these genes.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.123-127
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• 2014

Interleukin-32 (IL-32) is a cytokine inducing crucial inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}(TNF{\alpha})$ and IL-6 and its expression is elevated in various inflammatory autoimmune diseases, certain cancers, as well as viral infections. IL-32 gene was first cloned from activated T cells, however IL-32 expression was also found in other immune cells and non-immune cells. IL-32 gene was identified in most mammals except rodents. It is transcribed as multiple-spliced variants in the absence of a specific activity of each isoform. IL-32 has been studied mostly in clinical fields such as infection, autoimmune, cancer, vascular disease, and pulmonary diseases. It is difficult to investigate the precise role of IL-32 in vivo due to the absence of IL-32 gene in mouse. The lack of mouse IL-32 gene restricts in vivo studies and restrains further development of IL-32 research in clinical applications although IL-32 new cytokine getting a spotlight as an immune regulatory molecule processing important roles in autoimmune, infection, and cancer. In this review, we discuss the regulation and function of IL-32 in inflammatory bowel diseases and rheumatoid arthritis.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2007

The induction of cellular and humoral immunity and cytokine gene expression by synthetic CpG oligodexoynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) has not been investigated systematically in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in vivo. We optimized the proper concentration of CpG-ODNs using an in vitro assay for the superoxide anion $(O_2^-)$. CpG-ODNs induced $O_2^-$ and nitric oxide (NO) production, lysozyme activity, and the proinflammatory cytokine gene expression of $IL-1{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in olive flounder significantly in vivo, whereas non-CpG-ODNs did not produce these effects or produced them to a lesser extent. This implied that CpG-ODNs could stimulate cellular and humoral immunity and cytokine gene expression in olive flounder. This is the first evidence of NO production and the first study on the mRNA expression of the proinflammatory cytokine genes $IL-1{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in olive flounder in response to CpG-ODNs. Comparison of the variation in NO production and lysozyme activity to that of other studies led us to postulate that a group-specific difference exists in the immune responses of olive flounder against CpG-ODNs. Furthermore, the detailed immunostimulatory spectrum of CpG-ODNs in olive flounder could be a useful index with which to analyze the effect of CpG-ODNs against the challenge test prior to field applications.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.1252-1257
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• 1997

In order to investigate the immunomodulatory mechanism of white ginseng, the effects of total saponin of Ginsenoside Rb$_2$component on the phagocytosis and reactive oxygen intermediate(ROI) production of mouse peritoneal macrophages were studied. Both phagocytosis assay nitrobluetetrazolium reduction test showed 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml concentration of total saponin significantly increased the activity of phagocytosis and production of ROI. Also cytokine gene expression of the macrophages was analyzed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In the RT-PCR assay, 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml concentration of either total saponin or Ginsenoside Rb$_2$increased IL-1 and TNF expression of the macrophages.