• 소성∙가공
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.73-79
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• 2009

In order to investigate the formability of friction stir welded(FSW) tailor welded blanks(TWB) with respect to the base material's directional combination, aluminum alloy AA6111-T4 sheets were welded with three different conjoining types: RD-RD, TD-RD and TD-TD. Here, RD and TD represent rolling and transverse directions, respectively. For experimental formability study, three tests with gradual complexity were performed: the simple tension test with various weld line directions for uni-axial elongation, the hemisphere dome stretching test for biaxial stretching and the cylindrical cup deep drawing test. As a result, all three forming tests showed that RD-RD type samples exhibited the best formability, while TD-TD type sheets showed the least formability performance.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.519-529
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• 1998

In automotive industries the stamping of laser-welded blank gives many merits which bring about dimensional accuracy, strong body assembly and high productivity. However the welding of blanks with different thickness or/and different strength materials introduces many challenging formability problems for process development and tool design. in this paper the deformation characteristics for deep drawing process of laser-welded blank with different thickness sheets are investigated by experiment as well as by FEM simulation. The blank holding force ratio to avoid the movement of weld line was suggested and compared with the experimental result for cylindrical and rectangular cup drawing process. The optimal location of weld line in laser-welded blank with different thickness sheets is calculated to compensate for the movement of weld line on deep drawing process. In addition the effect of location of weld line on formability is clarified using FEM simulation.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 1999년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.62-65
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• 1999

To reduce the cost of finite element analyses for sheet forming a 3D hybrid membrance/sheel method has been developed to study the springback of anisotropic sheet metals. in the hybrid method the bending strains and stresses were analytically calculated as post-processing using incremental shapes of the sheet obtained previously from the membrane finite element analysis. To calculate springback a shell finite element model was used to unload the final shape of the sheet obtained from the membran code and the stresses and strains that were calculated analytically. For verification the hybrid method was applied to predict the springback of a 2036-T4 aluminum square blank formed into a cylindrical cup. the springback predictions obtained with the hybrid method was in good agreement with results obtained using a full shell model to simulateboth loading an unloading and the experimentally measured data. The CPU time saving with the hybrid method over the full shell model was 75% for the punch stretching problem.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.7-16
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• 1983

Internodal vessel elements are studied in 20 genera, 75 species and 33 cultivars of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis belong to the Malvaceae. The minimum and maximum length and diameter range from 79~466 and 14~88 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, respectively. The vessel elements are either cylindrical, fusiform, conical, clavate, oval, column-, drum-, fish and cup-like or erratic. Perforation plates are exclusively simple in all the species investigated, except occasionally scalariform in varieties of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. In most of the species studied vessel elements have predominantly two perforation plates or occasionally one and three. Adjacen side wall thickening is commonly simple and border pitted, mixed, scalariform, helical and reticulate. The vessel elements vary in their size, shape, number and inclination of perforation plates and adjacent wall thickening.

• 식물병연구
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.115-118
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• 2007

2004년부터 2006년까지 3년 동안 경남농업기술원 잠두재배포장에서 지제부위의 줄기와 꼬투리가 수침상으로 물러지고 썩으면서 그 부위에 흰색 곰팡이와 균핵이 생기고 시들어 죽는 증상이 발생하였다. 감자한천배지 상에서 균총은 흰색에서 연한 회색을 띄었다. 균핵은 구형, 타원형 또는 불규칙하며 검은색이었다. 자낭반은 컵모양이며 크기는 $5{\sim}10\;mm$이었으며 자낭은 원통형이고 크기는 $90{\sim}180{\times}12\;{\mu}m$이었다. 자낭포자는 타원형이며 무색으로 크기는 $8{\sim}12{\times}4{\sim}6\;{\mu}m$이었다. 균사생육 최적온도는 $25^{\circ}C$, 균핵형성 적온은 $20^{\circ}C$이었다. 이상과 같이 잠두에 발생한 병징, 병원균의 균학적 특징 및 병원성 검정 결과를 토대로 병원균을 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) do Bary으로 동정하였으며, 이 병을 잠두 균핵병으로 명명할 것을 제안한다.

• 식물병연구
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.28-31
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• 2003

2002년 5월 상순 경상남도농업기술원 약초시험포장에 심겨진 꽃범의 꼬리에서 잎과 줄기가 수침상으로 물러지고, 그 부위에 흰색 곰팡이와 균핵이 생기면서 시들어 죽는 증상이 발생하였다. 여기서 병원균을 분리하였을 때 균핵은 PDA배지 상에서 잘 형성되었으며 모양은 구형, 타원형 또는 불규칙형으로 검은색이고 크기는 1.0~10.3$\times$1.0~8.4 mm이었다. 자낭반은 컵모양이며, 크기는 0.8~1.8 cm이었다. 자낭은 원통형이고 크기는 84~286$\times$4.7~26.3 $\mu\textrm{m}$이었다. 자낭포자는 타원형으로 단세포이며 무색이다. 크기는 7.6~12.8$\times$3.4~6.2 $\mu\textrm{m}$이었다. 균사생육 최적온도는 $25^{\circ}C$였다. 이상과 같이 병원균의 균학적 특징과 병원성을 검정한 결과, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum으로 동정하였으며 이 병을 꽃범의 꼬리 균핵병으로 명명할 것을 제안한다.

• 식물병연구
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.122-124
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• 2006

2004년부터 2005년까지 거제시 거제면 팔손이 재배 농가포장에서 잎과 줄기가 수침상으로 물러지고 썩으면서, 그 부위에 흰색 곰팡이와 균핵이 생기고 시들어 죽는 증상이 발생하였다. 균총은 흰색에서 연한 회색을 띄었다. 균핵은 구형, 타원형 또는 불규칙형으로 검은색이었다. 자낭반은 컵모양이며, 크기는 $0.8{\sim}1.3 cm$이었다. 자낭은 원통형이고 크기는 $70{\sim}220{\times}4{\sim}18{\mu}m$이었다. 자낭포자는 타원형, 단세포, 무색이며 크기는$6{\sim}12{\times}4{\sim}6{\mu}m$이었다. 균사생육 최적온도는 $25^{\circ}C$였다. 이상과 같이 병원균의 균학적 특정과 병원성을 검정한 결과, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum으로 동정하였으며, 이 병을 팔손이 균핵병으로 명명할 것을 제안한다.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.233-245
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• 1998

A new approach has been proposed for the incremental analysis of the nonsteady state large deformation of planar anisotropic elastic-plastic sheet forming. A mathematical brief review of a constitutive law for the incremental deformation theory has been presented from flow theory using the minimum plastic work path for elastic-plastic material. Since the material embedded coordinate system(Lagrangian quantity) is used in the proposed theory the stress integration procedure is completely objective. A new return mapping algorithm has been also developed from the general midpoint rule so as to achieve numerically large strain increment by successive control of yield function residuals. Some numerical tests for the return mapping algorithm were performed using Barlat's six component anisotropic stress potential. Performance of the proposed algorithm was shown to be good and stable for a large strain increment, For planar anisotropic sheet forming updating algorithm of planar anisotropic axes has been newly proposed. In order to show the effectiveness and validity of the present formulation earing simulation for a cylindrical cup drawing and front fender stamping analysis are performed. From the results it has been shown that the present formulation can provide a good basis for analysis for analysis of elastic-plastic sheet metal forming processes.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2002년도 금형가공 심포지엄
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• pp.136-143
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• 2002

Warm draw die technique which is one of the new forming technologies to improve formability of sheet metal is applied to the cylindrical and square cup drawing of stainless-aluminum clad sheets. In experiments the temperature of die and blank holder is varied from room temperature to $180^{\circ}C$, while the punch is cooled by circulation of coolant to increase the fracture strength of workpiece on the punch comer area. Test materials chosen for experiments are STS304-A1050-STS304 clad sheets. Teflon film as a lubricant is used on both sides of a workpiece. The limit drawing ratio and relative drawing depth as well as quality of drawn cups(distribution of thickness)are investigated and validity of warm drawing process is also discussed. No separation between each laminated material after drawing occurred through inspection by microscope as well as application of penetrant remover and bond strength test. Therefore, warm forming technique was confirmed to give better results in deep drawing of stainless clad sheet metal.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.590-595
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• 2007

This paper introduces a new approach to take account of bending history in finite element inverse analysis during sheet metal forming process. A modified membrane element was adopted for finite element inverse analysis so that bending-unbending energy was additionally imposed in the total plastic energy, predicting bending-unbending regions using the geometry of the final shape and tools. An algorithm was applied to a cylindrical cup deep drawing process. The blank shape and the distribution of the thickness strain were compared with those obtained from the incremental finite element analysis in order to evaluate the effect of the bending history. The algorithm reduced the difference between the results of the inverse analysis from those of the incremental analysis due to bending history. The analysis was also carried out with the variation of the thickness of the initial blank to investigate the effect of bending deformation. The results showed that the difference was remarkably reduced as the thickness of the initial blank increased. This indicates that the finite element inverse analysis cooperated with the suggested scheme is useful to obtain more accurate results, especially when bending effects are significant.