• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.227-232
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• 2008

A 16-year-old girl presented with proteinuria and microscopic hematuria detected through mass urinary screening and was diagnosed as having suspected postinfectious glomerulonephritis by renal biopsy. However, heavy proteinuria did not respond to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor therapy. After 6 months, cervical lymphadenitis developed and a neck node biopsy showed subacute necrotizing lymphadenitis. After an additional 2 months, she developed facial erythema and thrombocytopenia. A repeat renal biopsy demonstrated lupus nephritis class IV. She was treated with pulse methylprednisolone(500 mg/day intravenously for 3 consecutive days) followed by oral deflazacort and monthly intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse(1 g/$m^2$) for 6 months. We report a case diagnosed as systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) during medical follow-up after urinary screening.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of Alpina officinarum (AO) ethanol extract on immunocompromised mice. The mice were injected intraperitoneally with an immunosuppressive drug, cyclophosphamide, and then administrated orally with 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg of ethanol extract of AO (AO 30, AO 100, and AO 300, respectively). The concentrations of cytokines and immunoglobulins (IgM, IgA, IgG) in serum were measured. The body weight of the mice and spleen cell number of the AO-fed group showed no significant difference compared to a control group. The concentrations of several cytokines, including IL-2, IFN-${\gamma}$, and TGF-${\beta}$, in serum showed a significant increase in the AO 100 group compared to the control and other groups (p<0.05). The IL-4 level showed no significant difference in the experimental groups. The supplementation of AO (30, 100, 300 mg/kg) significantly increased the concentration of IgM (p<0.05). The concentration of IgA was significantly increased in the AO 100 group (p<0.05) compared to the control group. It can be concluded that AO ethanol extract enhances immune function by promoting the production of cytokines and immunoglobulins.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1067-1072
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• 2009

Stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1 or CXCL12), one of the CXC chemokines, is widely expressed in many tissues, including the thymus. The thymus can regenerate to its normal mass within 14 days after acute involution induced by cyclophosphamide (CY) in adult rats. Despite the established role of SDF-1 signaling in the development of T and B lymphocytes in the thymus, it has not yet been associated with the regeneration of the adult thymus. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether SDF-1, which is expressed in thymic stromal cells, is modulated during thymic regeneration in adult rats. Here, we showed that SDF-1 mRNAs were expressed in high levels in the thymocyte and thymic stromal cells at day 7 of the CY model. SDF-1 protein was shown to be present at the cortex-medulla junction, paraseptum and within the thymic medulla. Double-immunofluorescence for SDF-1 and ED-1 showed that strong SDF-1 expression was detected in the macrophages of the medulla region displaying immunoreactivity for ED-1 during thymus regeneration. Taken together, our results demonstrated that SDF-1 expression increased in regenerating thymic macrophages, suggesting the roles of SDF-1 as a chemo-attractant for damaged cells produced in the process of thymic regeneration after acute involution induced by CY.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.335-336
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• 1996

Artemisinin, a new antimalarial to treat patients infected with strains of Plasmodium jalciparum, derived from the plant Artemisia annua Linn, has immunopharmacologic actions such as enhence the PHA -induced lymphocyte transformation rate, increased the weight of spleen but reduced the weight of thymus, reduced phagocytic function of peritoneal macrophage, remarkably reduced the level of serum IgG and hemolysin fonning capacity (sentitized with SRBC), inhibited the activity of Ts cells of donor mice by supraoptimal immunuization(SOI), but enhenced activity of Ts cells of recipient mice by SOI. These results suggested that Ts cells may be the target cells of artemisinin. To the serum complement C3 level of plasmodium berghei-infeted mice, artemisinin (i. m,) could remarkly increase it. The artemisinin also obviously reduced the prostaglandin E(PGE) in the mouse hind paw swelling induced by carrageenin. Numerous studies have demonstrated that pharmacologic doses of PGE attenuate the development of immunocomplex nephritis. Some autologous immune mechanisms may be invoolved In the pathogensis of some types of glomurulonephritis. Glomerular abnormalities can be induced in animals by variety of immunological manipulations. The resulting disorder has many clinical and pathogical similarities to the disease in human. Our purpose was therefore to test the ability of the artemisinin to lessen the severity of rabbit IgG accelerated nephrotoxic serum glomerulonephritis in mice model. Mice which had treated with rabbit IgG and NTS, administrated with saline, showed Significant inceases of urinary protein, cholesterol level, and decrease of serum albumin in NS group. On the contrary, By i.g. adminstration of artemisinin at dose of 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg for 14 days after NTS injection, shown that artemisinin inhibited the nephritic changes in some parameters by means of urinary protein(p<0.05, p<0.01) and serum choleterol(p<0.05, p<0.01) and albumin (p<0.05, p<0.01), blood urea nitrogen (p<0.05, p<0.01), serum albumin(p<0.05, p<0.01); Cyclophosphamide(i.p. 10mg/kg for 14d) had almost same effect as the artemisinin had. Morphological studies shown that The picture of kidney from the mouse with NTS-nephritis accerated with rabbit IgG, treated with i.g. saline as the control, the mesangiocapillary were enlarged and proliferated; There were inflammatory cells infiltrating around the glomeruli; The ethelial cell were proliferated in the wall of Bowman's capsule. Histopatholological picture of kidney from the NTS-nephritis accerated with rabbit IgG mouse treated with i.p. 10mg/kg cyclophosphamide as the positive control. No siginicant histopathological evidence were found. Treaded with i.p. 12.5mg/kg artemisinine, the picture shown that mesangiocapillary were lightly proliferated; There were inflammatory cells infiltrating around the glomeruli; Treaded with i.p. 25mg/kg artemisinine, The picture shown that the mesangiocapillary were lightly proliferated; Treaded with i.p. 50mg/kg artemisinine, The picture shown that both the mesangiocapillary proliferated and the inflammatory cells infiltrating around the glomeruli are less than treated with saline, 12.5 and 25 mg/kg artemisinine. On the basis of these studies we conclude that the artemisinin can relieve pathological change caused by NTS-nephritis aacerated with rabbit IgG.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.291-299
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• 2020

Background: Ginseng (G) and Ligustrum lucidum Ait (LLA) are core traditional Chinese medicines in treating myelosuppression formula. The present study was designed to profile effect of G and LLA herb pair (G-LLA) on myelosuppressed mice. Methods: The mice myelosuppression model was established by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of cyclophosphamide (Cy). Hematopoietic function of bone marrow was measured by hemopoietic progenitor cell culture and peripheral blood count, and serum hemopoietic factors were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Bone marrow cell cycle was performed by flow cytometry. HPLC was used to measure 20 potential chemical components related to myelosuppression, including ginsenoside Rg₁, Re, Rb₁, Rc, Rb₂, Rb₃, Rd, Rk₃, Rh₄, 20 (S)-Rg₃, 20 (R)-Rg₃, Rk₁, Rg₅, salidroside, and so on. Results: G, LLA, and G-LLA improved the amount of peripheral blood cells and bone marrow cells of myelosuppressed mice (P < 0.01). They significantly increased the colony quantity of colony-forming unit-granulocyte macrophage, burst-forming unit-erythroid, colony-forming unit-erythroid, and colony-forming unit-megakaryocyte and amount of G₂/M and S phase cells (P < 0.01). They also significantly decreased the amount of hematopoiesis-related cytokines (P < 0.01). The content of chemical components in G-LLA changed, and the change of rare saponin was the most obvious. Conclusion: These results show that G-LLA herb pair might produce synergistic or complementary compatibility effects on bone marrow suppression after chemotherapy. It suggests that the substance basis of G-LLA for treating bone marrow suppression may be effective chemical components.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.7-16
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• 2013

Objectives : Brassica campestris var narinosa (BCN), Canavalia gladiata DC semen (CGD) and their combinational prescription (BCN+CGD) have been use to demonstrate to regulate hematopoiesis. In the current study, we investigated whether Brassica campestris var narinosa, Canavalia gladiata DC semen and their combinational prescription is related to hemato-potentiating function using Sca-$1^+$ hematopoietic stem cells (Sca-$1^+HSCs$) as a testing system. Methods : Sca-$1^+HSCs$ isolated from femur in C57bl/6 mice with leukopenia and thrombocytopenia induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX). Then, Real-time PCR was performed to measure the mRNA expression, ELISA and haematopoiesis-related gene (EPO, TPO, IL-3, SCF, c-kit, GM-CSF), the phosphorylation of JAK2, GATA-1 and STAT-5a/b were observed by western blot, and the numbers of $CD117^+/Sca-1^+$ cell and the number of granulocyte erythrocyte monocyte macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GEMM) and erythroid burst forming units (BFU-E), semisolid clonogenic assay was performed. Result : When Sca-$1^+HSCs$ were treated with Brassica campestris var narinosa, Canavalia gladiata DC semen and their combinational prescription with rIL-3/rSCF, the expression of haematopoiesis-related (EPO, TPO, IL-3, SCF, c-kit, and GM-CSF) were significantly increased at the levels of mRNA as well as production in Sca-$1^+HSCs$. Additionally, CGS enhanced phosphorylation of JAK2, GATA-1, and signal transducer and activator of transcription-5a/b (STAT-5a/b) in Sca-$1^+HSCs$. Furthermore, their combinational prescription (BCN+CGD) significantly enhanced the growth rate of granulocyte erythrocyte monocyte macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GEMM) and erythroid burst forming units (BFU-E) in vitro. Conclusion : These result suggest that Brassica campestris var narinosa (BCN) and Canavalia gladiata DC have hematopoietic enhancement via hematopoietic cytokine-mediated JAK2/GATA-1/STAT-5a/b pathway, and their combinational prescription (BCN+CGD) has superior hematopoietic enhancement to those of individual extracts.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.81 no.2
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• pp.428-435
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• 2020

Herein, we report a case of synchronous bilateral triple negative invasive ductal breast carcinoma in a patient with discrepant pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Right and left breast cancer stages at the initial diagnosis were T1cN0M0 and T4dN3aM0, respectively. The patient was identified as a BRCA1 mutation carrier and treated with four cycles of adriamycin and cyclophosphamide, followed by four cycles of docetaxel. Bilateral breast cancer stages decreased with the first regimen. However, the bilateral breast cancers showed discrepant responses to chemotherapy with docetaxel. The right breast cancer showed a continuous tumor volume reduction while the left breast cancer showed marked progression. Finally, the tumor size was 0.3 cm and 12 cm in the right and left mastectomy specimens, respectively. As bilateral breast cancers of the same subtype may show discrepant responses to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, close monitoring and follow-up imaging are required to avoid delayed surgery.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5883-5886
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• 2012

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone malignancy in children and adolescents, and its clinical outcome is poor. We evaluated the response of GSTP1, ERCC1 and ERCC2 to chemotherapy among osteosarcoma patients, and the role of these genes on the prognosis of osteosarcoma. 187 patients with osteosarcoma were administered with methotrexate, cisplatin/adriamycin, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide, or vincristine treatment. GSTP1, ERCC1 and ERCC2 polymorphism was genotyped by PCR-RFLP assay. The results showed the average survival time of 187 patients were 38.4 months. 97 patients showed response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The GSTP1 Val and ERCC2 A/A genotypes had significantly higher rates of response to chemotherapy, with adjusted OR (95% CI) of 2.19 (1.15-6.21) and 2.88 (1.14-13.25). Individuals with ERCC2 A/A genotype were likely to have a lower risk of death from oseosarcoma, and the adjusted HR was 0.32 (0.13-0.95). Our study indicated test of GSTP1 and ERCC2 Lys751Gln polymorphisms might be a candidate pharmacogenomic factors to be explored in the future to identify the osteosarcoma patients who might benefit from chemotherapy.

• BMB Reports
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.12-19
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• 2003

Fragmentation of purine imidazole ring and production of formamidopyrimidines in deoxynucleosides (Fapy lesions) occurs upon DNA oxidation as well as upon spontaneous or alkali-triggered rearrangement of certain alkylated bases. Many chemotherapeutic agents such as cyclophosphamide or thiotepa produce such lesions in DNA. Unsubstituted FapyA and FapyG, formed upon DNA oxidation cause moderate inhibition of DNA synthesis, which is DNA polymerase and sequence dependent. Fapy-7MeG, a methylated counterpart of FapyG-, a efficiently inhibits DNA replication in vitro and in E.coli, however its mutagenic potency is low. This is probably due to preferential incorporation of cytosine opposite Fapy-7MeG and preferential extension of Fapy-7MeG:C pair. In contrast, FapyA and Fapy-7MeA possess miscoding potential. Both lesions in SOS induced E.coli preferentially mispair with cytosine giving rise to A$\rightarrow$G transitions. Fapy lesions substituted with longer chain alkyl groups also show simult aneous lethal and mutagenic properties. Fapy lesions are actively eliminated from DNA by repair glycosylases specific for oxidized purines and pyrimidines both in bacteria and eukaryotic cells. Bacterial enzymes include E.coli formamidopyrimidine-DNA-glycosylase (Fpg protein), endonuclease III (Nth protein) and endonuclease VIII (Nei protein).

• Toxicological Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.11-15
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• 2008

In this research the genotoxic effect of $Polycan^{TM}$ ${\beta}$-glucans originated from Aureobasidium pullulans SM-2001, was evaluated using the mouse micronucleus test. $Polycan^{TM}$ was administered once a day for 2 days by oral gavage to male ICR mice at doses of 1000, 500 and 250 mg/kg. Cyclophosphamide was used as a known genotoxic agent in a positive control group. The appearance of a micronucleus is used as an index for genotoxic potential. The results obtained indicated that $Polycan^{TM}$ shows no genotoxicity effect up to 1000 mg/kg dosing levels. In addition, it is also considered that there were no problems from cytotoxicity of $Polycan^{TM}$ tested in this study because the polychromatic erythrocyte ratio was detected as > 0.47 in all tested groups.