• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine consumers' brand attachment of fashion luxury product by emotional approach of brand loyalty. The questionnaire developed through the literature search and a survey was conducted both in on-line and off-line questionnaire simultaneously. Finally, 218 data from women who had a buying experience of fashion luxury products were analyzed using frequency, factor analysis, ANOVA, t-test, regression analysis by SPSS for WIN program. The results were as follows; First, there were significant differences in brand loyalty according to consumers' age, marriage yes or no, occupation, education level, and income. Second, the consumers' brand attachment of fashion luxury products was composed of five factors; emotional, dependent, attractive, knowledge, interest. Third, there were significant differences in brand loyalty according to consumers' age, marriage yes or no, occupation, education level, and income. Fourth, there were significant differences in brand attachment according to consumers' age, marriage yes or no, occupation, education level, and income. There were significant differences in emotional, dependent, attractive, knowledge, interest dimension of brand attachment according to consumers' age, sex, marriage yes or no, occupation, education level, and income. Fifth, the brand attachment significantly influenced on the brand loyalty.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.669-691
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• 2023

This study aims to analyze the variations in online clothing purchasing patterns based on demographic attributes and purchasing behavior. The survey subjects comprised individuals in their 10s to 50s who had prior experience with online shopping. The survey was conducted in Gyungnam from May to June 2022. A total of 397 questionnaires were analyzed using the χ²-test statistical method. The analysis of clothing purchase type based on demographic characteristics revealed differences in terms of gender, marital status, age, monthly income, and occupation. Notably, when analyzed by demographic characteristics and clothing purchase types, monthly online purchase frequency displayed significant differences in marital status, age, and occupation. Similarly, monthly purchase amounts through online platforms exhibited significant variations based on marital status, age, monthly income, and occupation. The online fashion platforms, when examined in relation to demographic characteristics and purchase types, showed significant differences across all variables. Clothing purchases by consumers seeking individuality and differentiation exhibited significant differences in age, occupation, and purchase types. Furthermore, the reasons for choosing online platforms for clothing purchases varied significantly based on age and occupation. These findings indicate diverse purchasing behaviors on online platforms influenced by demographic characteristics. These findings can be valuable for effectively segmenting the online fashion market.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.47-57
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• 2005

Leptin, the product of the obese gene, is a circulating hormone secreted primarily from adipocytes. Several results suggest that leptin is important mediators of bone metabolism. The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of leptin on anti-osteoclastogenesis using murine precursors cultured on Ca-P coated plates and on the production of osteoprotegerin (OPG) in osteoblastic cells. Additionally, this study examined the possible involvement of prostaglandin $E_2\;(PGE_2)$/protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated signals on the effect of leptin on anti-osteoclastogenesis to various culture systems of osteoclast precursors. Osteoclast generation was determined by counting tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase positive [TRAP (+)] multinucleated cells (MNCs). Osteoclastic activity was determined by measuring area of resorption pits formed by osteoclasts on Ca-P coated plate. The number of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol $(1,25[OH]_2D_3)$- or $PGE_2$-induced TRAP (+) MNCs in the mouse bone marrow cell culture decreased significantly after treatment with leptin. The number of receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL)-induced TRAP (+) MNCs in M-CSF dependent bone marrow macrophage (MDBM) cell or RAW264.7 cell culture decreased significantly with leptin treatment. Indomethacin inhibited osteoclast generation induced by $1,25[OH]_2D_3$ and dexamethasone, however, no significant differences were found in the leptin treated group when compared to the corresponding indomethacin group. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a PKC activator, inhibited osteoclast generation induced by $1,25[OH]_2D_3$. The number of TRAP (+) MNCs decreased significantly with treatment by PMA at concentrations of 0.01 and $0.1{\mu}M$ in culture. Leptin inhibited PMA-mediated osteoclast generation. Isoquinoline-5-sulfonic 2-methyl-1-piperazide dihydrochloride (H7) had no effect on osteoclast generation induced by $1,25[OH]_2D_3$. Cell culture treatment with leptin resulted in no significant differences in osteoclast generation compared to the corresponding H7 group. Indomethacin showed no significant effect on TRAP (+) MNCs formation from the RAW264.7 cell line. PMA inhibited TRAP (+) MNCs formation induced by RANKL in the RAW264.7 cell culture. H7 had no effect on osteoclast generation from the RAW264.7 cell line. There was no difference compared with the corresponding control group after treatment with leptin. $1,25[OH]_2D_3$- or $PGE_2$-induced osteoclastic activity decreased significantly with leptin treatment at a concentration of 100 ng/ml in mouse bone marrow cell culture. Indomethacin, PMA, and H7 significantly inhibited osteoclastic activity induced by $1,25[OH]_2D_3$ in mouse bone marrow cell culture. No significant differences were found between the leptin treated group and the corresponding control group. The secretion of OPG, a substance known to inhibit osteoclast formation, was detected from the osteoblasts. Treatment by leptin resulted in significant increases in OPG secretion by osteoblastic cells. Taken these results, leptin may be an important regulatory cytokines within the bone marrow microenvironment.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.206-214
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• 2014

Purpose: In this study factors affecting job satisfaction and turnover intention of nurses were explored in the context of organizational culture, self- leadership, and empowerment. Methods: Participants were 286 nurses drawn from 3 general hospitals. Data were analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and hierarchial multiple regression with the SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. Results: Significant differences in job satisfaction and turnover intention were found according to organizational culture types. Significant positive correlations were found between self-leadership, empowerment, task oriented organizational culture, relationship oriented organizational culture, innovation oriented organizational culture and job satisfaction. On the other hand, significant negative relationships were found between empowerment, relationship oriented organizational culture, innovation oriented organizational culture and turnover intention. The factors that enhance job satisfaction were found to be higher innovation-oriented organizational culture. Lower turnover intention was shown to be positively associated with relationship- or innovation oriented organization culture. Conclusion: Innovation oriented organizational culture is needed in order to raise job satisfaction and reduce turnover intention of nurses.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.429-436
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• 2011

An individual's food-related personal traits play an important role in influencing personal food choice and habits. According to culture, their influence can manifest differently. To ascertain personal traits about food, FNS (food neophobia scale) and FIS (food involvement scale) were employed in recent studies. This study aimed to understand the food culture and food choices of East-South Asians who live or stay in Korea through comparison of FNS and FIS. Eighty Koreans and 233 East-south Asians (Indonesians, Filipinos, Malaysians, Vietnamese, Thai, Singaporeans, and Bangladeshi) completed a questionnaire to measure FNS (10 questions), FIS (12 questions), and sociodemographic conditions (9 questions). ANOVA was conducted to ascertain FNS and FIS between the groups, and regression analysis was carried out to determine which sociodemographic factors had an effect. The items were analyzed to determine the differences according to gender, age, marital status, nationality, religion, occupation, educational background, monthly income, and length of residence in Korea. FNS showed significant differences between the groups with regard to sociodemographic characteristics, except gender, age, and marital status, whereas FIS showed significant differences in gender, nationality, religion, occupation, educational background, monthly income, and length of residence in Korea. The results of the regression analysis suggest that nationality strongly affected FNS and FIS, and FIS was also affected by gender.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.191-196
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• 2000

the present study was carried out to develop a completely defined culture system and determine if high NaCl concentrations in defined (PVA added) or semi-defined (BSA added) medium is toxic to bovine embryos. Oocytes from slaughterhouse ovaries were matured and fertilized in vitro. After 30 h of insemination, only 2-cell stage embryos were selected and cultured for this experiment. The culture media used were as follows : TLP(114 mM of NaCl) + BSA (3 mg/ml), TLP + PVA (1 mg/ml), mTLP(96 mM of NaCl) + BSA, mTLP + PVA. Six to ten embryos were placed into a 30$\mu$1 drop of each medium and the embryos were examined at 10 day post-insemination without medium renewal. The experiment was replicated 4 times. All data were analyzed by chi-square. There were no significant differences among TLP-BSA, mTLP-BSA and mTLP-PVA in blastocyst development (21.6, 17.2 and 20.2%), respectively. Also, no differences were obtained in hatching rates (11.7, 9.9 and 12.2%), respecitively. However, there were significant differences between TLP-PVA (1.7% and 0.6%) and other group in blastocyst formation and hatching rates, respectively (p<0.01). Development of in vitro produced embryos cultured in BSA containing medium was not affected by high NaCl concentration, but in the completely defined medium, embryonic development was highly affected by NaCl. This study shows that reduced NaCl concentration in completely defined medium is beneficial for development of bovine pre-implantation embryos in vitro.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.15-28
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• 1999

Living culture, which is a pattern of peoples' everyday living, is influenced by the socio-economic conditions as well as ideology of the society. South and North Korean societies have been segregated during the past 50 years with different socio-economic conditions and idelolgies, resulting different living cultures, even though those two societies share the same traditional culture. This project was developed to identify the differences in living cultures between South and North Korean concentrated on finding out the current living culture of North Korean families. Based on indepth interview with ten people who escaped from North Korea after 1990, empirical survey with 158 subjects was conducted. The subjects with various demographic backgrounds were asked about lifestyles concerning clothing, food, housing that they experienced when they were in North Korea. This study revealed differences in many aspects of living cultures of South and North Korea, and relationships were suggested in three lifestyles. The study was intended to provide ground for more information to the following study that will explore the cue of integration between South and North Korean societies in living culture.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.962-968
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of oviductal fluid, porcine zygote medium (PZM)-3, PZM-4 and PZM-5, and modified PZM-5 culture media, and determine the effects of zona pellucida (ZP) removal on the development of nuclear transfer (NT) embryos. There were no significant differences in the rates of fusion and cleavage among the five different oviductal fluid concentrations. However, the rates of blastocyst formation and the cell numbers per blastocyst were high in the embryos at the 14 and 28 $\mu{g}$/ml concentrations of oviductal fluid compared to the 0, 56 and 100 $\mu{g}$/ml concentrations. The rates of cleavage and blastocyst formation, and the cell numbers per blastocyst were higher in the PZM-3, PZM-5 and modified PZM-5 media than in the PZM-4 medium. However, there were no significant differences in the fusion rates of oocytes among the four culture media. The cell numbers per blastocyst in the embryos without ZP were significantly greater than those with ZP. However, there were no significant differences in the rates of fusion, cleavage and blastocyst formation between the embryos with and without ZP. In conclusion, we improved blastocyst development and the quality of NT embryos by replacing PVA with 3 mg/ml of BSA in PZM-5 medium and supplementing the PZM-5 medium with 14 $\mu{g}$/ml oviductal fluid. The NT embryos produced by the zona-free NT method had a high rate of blastocyst formation in the modified PZM-5 medium.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Design Studies Conference
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• 2002.11b
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• pp.44-45
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• 2002

• The monthly packaging world
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• s.308
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• pp.73-79
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• 2018