• SUVANNABHUMI
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.187-213
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• 2023

As migrants develop businesses abroad, entrepreneurship needs specific strategies due to some barriers when establishing and doing businesses. This paper examines the kinds of problems that have been faced in Indonesian migrant entrepreneurships in Taiwan and how the entrepreneurs cope with the difficulties. They use structural and cultural strategies for survival, seize the opportunities for self-development, and develop future careers. Research result shows that the limitations of Indonesian entrepreneurships in Taiwan are related to institutional issues, migrant status, business regulations, resource-providing institutions, language barriers, competition among migrants and locals, and capital. Hence, migrant entrepreneurs must conduct strategic actions to continue their businesses by developing innovations to grow and survive. Some measures include changing from offline to online marketing especially when the COVID-19 pandemic hit, product diversification using migrants and local people's assistance and networks, and setting competitive prices. This paper is based on qualitative research. The data were obtained through interviews in East Java-Indonesia and in Taiwan in 2022. The data were analysed using the descriptive analysis with sociological perspectives.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.70
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• pp.35-65
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• 2015

This paper is consisted of the thesis that the decontextualized limitation of media cultural studeis in Korea should be overcome by walking into and linking with today's urban crisis and everyday life. It proposes us to become the flaneurs who do not hesitate to go to, think of, and experience actively the city in crisis under the capital/state domination. It's conclusion would be that we must practice participation observation at the fields and thus recover the critical element of cultural studies writing, by entering into the city and seeing at the features of crisis routinely expressed and symptomatically appear in there. For and before this, the author will first of all pay attention to John Fiske in later period, who was merely perceived and falsely regarded as an active audience theorist. He will also review de Certeau from whom Fiske has borrowed the concept of tactics, and Berman who has further practiced the very spatial tactic. The paper is prepared so as to expand the ideas and thoughts of them who have gone beyond the boundary of text, audience and onto the context of urban space. It's goal is much more than rescuing, recovering Fiske's alternative trajectory. It tries to reconstruct the tradition of urban media cultural studies critically connected with the dangerous, life-threatening capitalist condition. Furthermore, by filling up the theoretical vacuum left behind disconnected and cut away from Fiske, it attempts to find a vision, prospect of cultural studies that will actively engage themselves dialectally with dangerous yet hopeful life of the city and its popular masses.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.226-256
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• 2023

Gyeongju has been the capital of Silla Kingdom for about 1,000 years, and many cultural heritages of the Silla period, such as the Wolseong Palace Site, Daereungwon Ancient Tomb Complex and Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond, are located in the city. Due to these characteristics, the process of heritagization has been carried out in Gyeongju from the Japanese colonial era to after liberation. Heritagization means selecting things from the past due to the needs of the present and making them heritages. In the case of South Korea, national government-led heritagization was achieved during the Japanese colonial period, and after liberation because of the restoration of national culture and the construction of a national identity. Gyeongju is a representative example. On the other hand, Gyeongju's heritagization process was carried out with little consideration of the local community, and thus the local community and Gyeongju's heritage have been distancing. In 2002, Gyeongju's heritage sites were nominated as World Heritage Sites. With the nomination, the perception of the role of local communities in heritage has been changed, and institutional mechanisms to promote the participation of local communities have been continuously reorganized. However, Gyeongju's heritagization process, which was thoroughly conducted through the central government and expert groups, was the reason why Gyeongju residents actually thought Gyeongju's heritage and the locality of Gyeongju were formed through the central government and expert groups. This has been the result of Gyeongju residents' passive participation in heritagization or heritage management to date. This study analyzed the heritagization process of Gyeongju through literature research and conducted an interview survey of residents who have lived in Gyeongju for a long time to understand the impact of the institutional heritagization process on residents and the relationship with heritage. Based on the analysis results, it was suggested that local residents and communities could take the initiative in managing the heritage of Gyeongju.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.25
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• pp.197-226
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• 2004

This study was made to identify species of archaeological wood products excavated from three sites(Kwunbuk-ni, Gungnamgi, Wanggung-ni) of Sabi Era, Baekje. These sitesare presumably considered as capital areas of Sabi Era, Baekje. Total of 220 specimens were identified into five softwoods and eighteen hardwoods. Pinus densiflora(or Pinusthunbergii) and Quercus spp. are the most common and occupied 32%, 28% of totalspecimen, respectively. The others are follows : Torreya nucifera(1%), Abiesholophylla(3%), Cryptomeria japonica(4%), Thuja spp.(2%), Chamaecyparisobutusa(2%), Salix spp.(1%), Platycarya strobilacea (3%), Alnus spp.(1%), Carpinusspp.(0.5%), Castanea crenata(9%), Zelkova serrata (6%), Celtis spp.(0.5%), Prunusspp.(2%), Rhus verniciflua(1%), Rhus trichocarpa(0.5%), Meliosma oldhamii(1%),Hovenia dulcis(1%), Kalopanax pictus(0.5%), Cornus walteri(0.5%), Styrax japonica(1%),Fraxinus rhynchophylla (0.5%), F. sieboldiana(1%).Most of the identified species have been growing in this area until nowadays. However,a few species(Cryptomeria japonica, Thuja spp. Chamaecyparis obutusa, Torreyanucifera) didn’t grow natively around this area at that time. Two species(Cryptomeriajaponica, Chamaecyparis obutusa) are endemic species of Japan, indicating international trade or exchange of woods between Baekje Kingdom and Japan in 6-7th century. Torreyanucifera grows in limited areas in Korea (south of $35^{\circ}$10′N), however, is widely distributed in the southern Japan. Quercus spp. was identified the most in implements of Baekje and Pinus densiflora(orPinus thunbergii) was in the second place. Zelkova serrata was mainly used for raw materials of turnery products, e.g., wooden container. This species produces one of the hardest woods as 0.7 in specific gravity. It indicates that iron technologies have reached some high level in Sabi Era, Beakje.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.7-28
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• 2011

This study intends to investigate the measuring scales, locations and scales through arrangement plans for a research on construction plans. Through an analysis of the artifacts-measuring scales, the relation of two scales found, which further helped suppose the measuring scales applied during the foundation period. Southern dynasties-scale was still used even after the capital was transferred to Sabi till Tang-scale was introduced. Tang-scale was used for Buddhist temples mostly founded in the 7th century. On the other hand, Goguryo-scale seemed to be used almost at the same period as Southern dynasties-scale used, but it seemed that Goguryo-scale disappeared earlier than Southern dynasties-scale. The locations of Buddhist temples could be classified into mountains, flatlands and mountain valley. Buddhist temples founded in mountains were mostly small-sized, but ones located on flatlands could secure flat fields through mounding operations. In addition, through location conditions of Neungsa and Wangheungsa, it was possible to find out the district setting of Sabi Capital Castle. Finally, the expansion range of Buddhist temples were found to be towards the east and the west. As for the scales of temples according to such conditions of location, it was found a similarity in Temple sites. In general, it was possible to assume that the scales of Buddhist temples tended to be expanded along with spatial expansion and there were regular systems in Buddhist temples related to the Royal family. Through the analysis of arrangement plans between individual buildings, it was found that the basic arrangement of Gate-Pagoda-Main Hall-Lecture Hall was preserved, but the proportion of distances between individual buildings varied depending on cases. As a result, there were differences between scales of entire building sites, construction subjective influences and master plan for each location of a Buddhist temple.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.233-247
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• 2003

Ecotourism is widely known to be a sort of alternative tourism which seeks to keep balance between conservation and development. Successful ecotourism is not just dependent upon natural/cultural resources but also the consensus-building and collaboration among actors involved in the development of ecotourist attractions. In this sense, the establishment of good local governance can be crucial to achieve both conservation and development which are incompatible one another. Governance is carried out through self-organising, inter-organisational networks, which is emerging as new forms of collective decision-making at local level. Governance leads to the development of different relationships, not simply between public/ nonpublic agencies but between citizens and public/nonpublic agencies. I represent some key dimensions to construct good local governance in ecotourism: i) the creation of socio-institutional milieu that facilitate interactions among actors related to ecotourism; ii) actors involved in ecotourism taking responsibility to play an appropriate role in their own position. I argue that interactive relationships and consensus-building between different actors can be promoted by collective actions such as the sharing of information and resources, co-education and co-training, and seminars. It therefore implies that local good governance cannot be established without local social capital based on trust and cooperation between actors.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.394-417
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• 2008

The population of Korean Society is aging rapidly at a pace which is unprecedented in the world. This demographic change results in the various socioeconomic and cultural changes accompanied by spatial changes. The purpose of this study is to examine major characteristics of residential medical facilities for the elderly and the life of those using the facilities of the Capital Region in Korea. Major findings of the study are as follows. The characteristics of the location of residential medical facilities for the elderly and the life of those using the facilities are influenced not only by the mobility of the elderly. but also by the distance between the facilities and Seoul and also by the residential environments of the facilities. The location of the facilities and the mobility of the elderly, followed by the residential location of the family have an effect on everyday life of the elderly. Therefore, the location for residential medical facilities is not recommended to be far from the metropolitan area.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.155-171
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• 2010

King Seong carried out the large-scale construction transferring the capital from Wungjin (Gongju) to Sabi (Buyeo) in 538. But because most of the Buyeo area was the low swamp in the time, it needed above all to form a site before transferring the capital. Until recently, in addition to the scientific excavation, the relief excavations for the construction of new building or the formation of road were conducted on many sites in the Buyeo area. As a result, many remains which were formed on the low swamp including the temple site of Neungsan-ri, Dongna Castle, the remains of Ssangbuk-ri (280-5 Bukpo, Hyeonnaedeul) and the remains of Gua-ri were identified. Also in these remains, the various engineering construction methods irrespective of the nature of remains were used for the purpose of the soft ground reinforcement as follows: mattress method of construction, pile designation, stone alignment, filing of decomposed granite soil, culverts and storage tanks. Especially, the mattress method of construction and the pile designation are thought to be the traditional engineering construction method at least in that they are appeared since the Three Han Sates era. And these soft ground construction methods had an effect on the construction of reservoir in Japan at the time. In the future, the construction method for soft ground reinforcement shall be concerned and studied further in the architecture and the civil engineering as well as the archeology.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.235-256
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• 2016

The local governments have utilized overseas offices of businesses within their jurisdiction as a forward operating base to discover and expand the overseas market. In addition, overseas offices of businesses are expected to play a big role in economic, cultural, and personal exchange, and collection of information regarding overseas market trends. Recently, inviting foreign capital, promoting cities, and attracting foreign tourists are being done through them. Since foreign capital invitation has an effect on creating jobs, the population influx, increasing local government revenues, there is a high degree of competition for it among local governments. Also, while local governments have set out to actively attract foreign tourists through city promotion marketing and developing products in connection with their region, overseas offices of businesses are playing a major role in doing the job. However, due to low performance satisfaction against the budget invested, there have been criticisms that they need to improve efficiency. As a result, each local government is faced with a task to seek efficient operational plans since overseas offices of businesses in each local government are expected to play a bigger role in trade support and international exchanges.

• SUVANNABHUMI
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.185-211
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• 2024

Southeast Asian cities like Manila, the Philippines, and Singapore have witnessed economic, political, and cultural changes over the years, especially after periods of colonization. States control their urban fabric-that is, its organization, planning, and design of cities-and thus dictate the flow of capital and forces of labor. Urban poor settlements, an offshoot of capital accumulation, are (re)moved around these cities in accordance with governing visions of development. For populations that are forced into changes brought about by urban development, practices of remembering are also controlled by dominant powers. These "monuments" are established in/as spaces to oblige an image of membership into a society ruled by such powers. Nevertheless, alternate sites of remembering counter these monumental spaces. This paper takes an interest in two novels that feature such places. Liwayway Arceo's Canal de la Reina (1972) and Suchen Christine Lim's The River's Song (2013) both figure rivers in Manila and Singapore, respectively. The eponymous river is the central axis of Canal de la Reina, entangled in class conflict and swift urban change in post-Commonwealth Manila. In The River's Song, the famous Singapore River provides a refuge for reminiscing about Singapore before the city-state's independence. Comparing these novels to what Filipino comparatist Ruth Jordana Pison calls fictional "counter-memory," we argue that their rivers remember personal and embodied experiences eliminated from hegemonic accounts of the city. Thus, they function as what we call "counter-monuments" for the urban poor marginalized in the history of the Philippines and Singapore.