• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.51-56
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• 1970

Studies on the feeding and resting behavior of Culex pipiens pallens, a possible vector of Japanese encephalitis in Korea, was carried out at Kobu-Ri, Kobu-Myon, Chongup Kun. Cholla Pukdo in 1967. 1. Indoor and outdoor human biting collections showed that 47.3 per cent Culex pipiens pallens were collected indoors and 52.7 per cent outdoors. 2.Feeding occurred throughout the night from dusk to dawn, with the peak period from 23:00-24:00 hours outside the house and from 24:00-01:00 hours inside. 3. Culex pipiens pallens females preferred man for their blood feeding to domestic animals. The results of human and cow biting collections showed that the feeding ratio between man and cow was 2.1 to 1. As to the feeding preference to the domestic animals, the ratio among cow, pig and horse was 7.3 to 5.1 to 5.4 4. Daytime resting collections showed that large numbers of Culex pipiens pallens females rest inside the house, especially in the bed room and the chicken pen. As temperatures increased, fewer mosquitoes resting indoors and more mosquitoes rest ing outdoors were caught. By means of sweep-net collections at outdoors resting places, a small number of Culex pipiens pallens mosquitoes were caught in such places as grass fields, vegetable fields, barley fields, bean fields, culverts, bomb shelters, and so on. A comparison between number of mosquitoes collected resting during the day in bedrooms and verandahs with resting collections in the same places at night showed that more mosquitoes were present at night. It was observed that the majority of the unfed females rested before feeding at night.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.20 no.3 s.57
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• pp.44-50
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• 2005

Studies on the insecticides susceptibility of adults females Culex pipiens pallens were carried out in 2003. The pupae were emerged originated wild-caught larvae in Ansan city, Korea. The test methods employed, using 7 organophosphorous insecticides, four synthetic pyrethroides, and fipronil penyrazole were evaluated. The following results were obtained 1. Fipronil has showed the most strong value in $LD_{50}\;0.00075{\mu}g/female$, out of 12 kind of insecticides, and followed by deltamethrin 0.0071, $\delta-cyhalothrin\;0.008$, profenofos 0.0082 and $\beta-cyfluthrin$ 0.0088, respectively 2. The killing effect of lambdacyhalothrin and profenophos against adult females Culex pipiens pallens was examined using thermal fogging. The mortality rate were lambdacyhalothrin $41.1\%$ and profenophos $50.7\%$, respectively. The killing effect of thermal fogging was highly effectiveness to distance 6m from nozzle

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.117-125
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• 1984

Mosquitoes were collected with light trap at a pig shed in the vicinity of Daegu city from mid-April to the end of November in 1981 and 1982. A total of 12,942 and 118,061 individuals were collected in 1981 and 1982 respectively. The collection comprised 77% females and 23% males in 1981, and 96% females and 4% males in 1982. The catches were classified into following 7 species: Culex (Culex) pipiens pallens, C. (C.) tritaeniorhynchus summorosus, Anopheles (Anopheles) sinensis, C. (C.) vagans, C. (C.) oritntelis, C. (C.) bitaeniorhynchus, Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans nipponii. The former three species showed distinct seasonal prevalence. Arranged in the descending order in size of the catches, in 1981, Culex (Culex) pipiens pallens was 44.9% of the total collection (at sex ratio of 0.85), Anopheles (Anopheles) sinensis 42.9% (0.05), Culex (Culex) tritaeniorhynchus summorosus 12.1% (0.00). On the contrary, Culex (Culex) tritaeniorhynchus summorosus 70.4% (0.00), Anopheles (Anopheles) sinensis 25.2% (0.05), Culex (Culex) pipiens pallens 4.4% (2.19) in 1982. The monthly percentages of collected mosquitoes to the total collection were 0.1% (in 1981) and 0.0% (in 1982) in May; 3.5%, 1.3% in June; 50.0%, 33.9% in July; 37.1%, in August; 8.8%, 11.9% in September; 0.5%, 0.8% in October and 0.0% in November. As for seasonal prevalence, mosquitoes appeared in May in both years and began to increase in number from the first week of June in 1981, but from the second week of May, ahead of three weeks in 1982. The highest peak time in 1982 was the second week of August, two weeks later than the fifth week of July in 1981. Culex (Culex) pipiens pallens showed the maximum activity for the fifth week of July in 1981, but for the third week of July, ahead of two weeks in 1982. Culex (Culex) tritaeniorhynchus reached the highest peak for the second week of August in both years. Anopheles (Anopheles) sinensis showed the maximum activity for the fifth week of July in 1981, but for the third week of July, two weeks earlier in 1982. The highest peak times of three main species were compared respectively as folows. Culex (Culex) pipiens pallens had the highest peak time in common with Anopheles (Anopheles) sinensis, Culex (Culex) tritaeniorhynchus summorosus showed the maximum activity for the second week of August in 1982.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2006

Larvicidal activity of 34 plant essential oils were tested against the 4th instar larvae of Culex pipiens pallens. Among them, six oils (basil, fennel, caraway seed, lime, thyme red, and thyme white) showed more than 80% mortality at 100 mg $litre^{-1}$ concentration. GC and GC-MS analyses of the six essential oils and bioassay of their components revealed that anethole (a major component of fennel and basil oil) and (+)-limonene (a major component of caraway seed and lime oil) showed higher larvicidal activities than others. In addition to the above two components, ${\alpha}$-phellandrene, p-cymene, $\gamma$-terpinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, and thymol showed higher larvicidal activity than Bt product.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.46-50
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• 1999

Methanol extracts of 9 kinds of native medicinal plants(Taraxacum platycarpum, leaf; Pinus densiflora, leaf; Artemisia prinseps, leaf; Allium tuberosum, leaf; Cassia obtussifolia, whole; Sophora angestifolia, root; Stemonae sessilifolia, root; Lonicera japonica stem, leaf, flower; and Clivia miniata) were investigated for insecticidal effect. Methanol extracts of Pinus densiflora leaves and Sophora angestifolia radix showed relatively good insecticidal activity against Culex pipiens pallens larvae. Strong larvicidal activity against the Musca domestica larvae was produced from methanol extracts of Taraxacum platycarpum leaves and Allium tuberosom leaves. while Stemonae radix showed moderate activity. All materials tested revealed little or weak insecticidal activity against M. domestica adults.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.26-28
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• 2005

Evaluation of larvicidal activities of Chamaecyparis obtusa and Thuja orientalis oils against 4th-instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens pallens revealed larvicidal activities of leaf oils extracted from C. obtusa and T. orientalis were significantly higher than those of stem, fruit, and seed oils. Strong mortality was observed in age class II of C. obtusa and T. orientalis against Ae. aegypti and Cx. pipiens pallens larvae. These results show both leaf part and age class II of C. obtusa and T. orientalis have strong larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti and Cx. pipiens pallens. Leaf oils of C. obtusa and T. orientalis leaves show promise as natural larvicides against Ae. aegypti and Cx. pipiens pallens.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.117-123
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• 2006

Fumigant toxicity of 34 plant essential oils were tested against female adults of Culex pipiens pallens. Seven oils (basil, coriander, fennel, pennyroyal, peppermint, thyme red, thyme white) showed more than 60% mortality at 1 ${\mu}L\;L^{-1}$ air concentration and pennyroyal oil appeared to have the highest adulticidal activity. GC and GC-MS analysis of the seven essential oils and bioassay of their components revealed that pulegone (a major component of pennyroyal oil) and anethole (a major component of fennel and basil oil, $LD_{50}$, ${\mu}L\;L^{-1}$ air =0.49) showed higher adulticidal activities than others. In addition to the above two components, linalool ($LT_{50}$, min=0.91), camphor ($LT_{50}$, min=1.06), fenchone ($LT_{50}$, min=1.16), 1,8-cineole ($LT_{50}$, min=2.93), and geranyl acetate ($LT_{50}$, min=1.60) also showed higher adulticidal activity than empenthrin ($LT_{50}$, min=3.45).

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.425-432
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• 1993

Alkaline phosphatase from Culex pipiens pallens was examined to determine the optimal assay condition and to assay the activity during ovarian development. The activity of alkaline phosphatase in a male and a nongravid female continuously were declined after eclosion. But by the stimulus of a blood meal, the enzyme activity was increased dramatically. At 30 hr. after a blood meal, the maximal activity was reached and then declined. And after 48 hr. after a blood meal, the second activity increase was revealed. This second increase was maintained up to oviposition. The first activity increase was revealed in the midgut and the second increase was done in the ovary to assay the organ distribution of alkaline phosphatase. In electrophresis data, it was shown 5 isozyme bands, ALP-1 and ALP-2 in the ovary, ALP-3 in the thorax and the midgut, and ALP-4 and ALP-5 in the thorax, the fatbody and the midgut in crude extract at 30 hr. after a blood meal. One the same ovary pattern were shown at 72 hr. after a blood meal.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.267-273
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• 1994

빨간집모기가 흡혈한 후 체내에서 일어나는 total RNA 변화를 조사한 결과 흠혈 후 6시 간 이후에 RNA양이 증가하기 시작하여 18시간에서 peak를 보인 후 감소하다가 30시간째 부터 증가하기 시작하여 48시간 후에 최대의 RNA 양을 보인 후 급격히 감소하였다 난소에서의 RNA 합성을 정량한 결과 흡혈 후 24시간 이전에는 흡혈 전에 비하여 전혀 증가하지 않았고 30시간 이후부터 증가하기 시작하여 48시간에 가장 많은 양의 RNA가 난소내에 존재하였고, 그 후 급격히 감소하였다. 흡혈 후 6시간 간격으로 난소로 부터 total RNA를 추출하여 in vitro translation을 실시하고 TCA 침전법과 면역침전법으로 합성된 3H-protein과 3H-vitellogenin을 정량하였다. 그 결과 흡혈 후 36시간 이후의 난소로부터 3H-protein과 지-vitellogenin의 합성이 일어나기 시작하여 48시간된 난소에서 가장 많은 양의 3H-protein과 3H-vitellogenin이 합성되었으며, 이때 합성된 단백질의 약 45% 정도가 난황단백질인 3H-vitellogenin으로 나타났다 이상의 결과로 빨간집모기에서는 지방체에서 뿐만 아니라 난소에서도 난황단백질의 합성이 일어남을 알수 있다.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.416-424
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• 1993

Ovarian Yolk protein (YP2) synthesis has been investigated in mosquito, Culex pipiens pallens. Yolk protein amount which was syntheized in fat body, accumulated into ovary were analyzed by Rocket immunoelectrophoresis and in vitro organ culture. The result was that yolk protein synthesis began to occur at 6hrs after blood meal, reached at maximum level by 24hrs, and was completed within 48hrs. Yolk protein accmulation into the ovary began to start at 6hrs and coutinued for up to 60hrs after blood meal. Extract from 0, 24, 48, 72hrs ovaries after blood meal were analyzed by electrophoresis and Western blotting. The result was that 24hrs ovary contain one yolk protein(YP1), and 48, 72hrs ovaries contain two kinds of yolk proteins(YPl and YP2). When 48hr ovaries and fat bodies were incubated in $^3$H-leucine contained medium, protein synthesis was not occurred in fat body, but ovary synthesized much protein contained yolk protein (YP2). The result of crossed immunoelectrophoresis represented the same immunity between YPl and YP2. The present data suggest that ovary synthesize yolk protein(YP2) in mosquito, Culex pipiens pallens.