• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 2012

We investigated the effect of mountain ginseng-added high fat diet supplementation on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protein expressions in rats. Thirty-two male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups; HS (high-fat diet sedentary group, n=8), MG1 (0.5% mountain ginseng-added diet group, n=8), MG2 (1% mountain ginsengadded diet group, n=8) and MG3 (2% mountain ginseng-added diet group, n=8). They have fed the diet for 4 weeks. The blood triglyceride were significantly lower in the MG1 and MG2 groups than that of the HS group. The blood HDL-cholesterol were significantly higher in the MG3 group than that of the HS and MG2 groups. The muscle glycogen contents of the MG2 and MG3 groups were significantly higher than that of HS and MG1 groups. The MDA contents in the MG1, MG2 and MG3 groups tended to lower than the HS group. The GPx protein expression in the gastrocnemius muscle of the MG2 group was significantly increased compared to that of the HS group. The Cu,Zn-SOD protein expression in the gastrocnemius muscle of the MG1 and MG2 groups was significantly increased compared to that of the MG3 group. The Mn-SOD protein expression in the MG1, MG2 and MG3 groups tended to higher than the HS group. From these results, it was suggested that mountain ginseng-added diet may have an crucial role on decreased MDA levels and increased antioxidant function in the skeletal muscle of rat fed a high fat diet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.1497-1502
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• 2007

The antioxidant effect of Korean cabbage kimchi containing 20% of sea tangle (SK) was studied in the rats fed with high fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks. The rats (n=40) were divided into four experimental groups as a high fat diet group (HFD), HFD supplemented either with Korean cabbage kimchi used as experimental control (HCK), with SK (HSK), or with J-kimchi (HJK) that was purchased at the local market. The amount of kimchi supplemented was 10%. DPPH radical scavenging activities of SK were significantly higher than those of CK. Kimchi suppressed the hepatic lipid peroxidation significantly, especially by HSK (p<0.05). Inhibition of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation in HSK was the greatest among the kimchi groups (p<0.05). The activities of $Cu{\cdot}Zn$-superoxide dismutase (SOD), Mn-SOD and catalase decreased significantly (p<0.05) by kimchi supplementation. SOD and catalase activities of HSK were found to be the lowest among the kimchi groups. The decreased enzyme activity in kimchi group might be due to the less amount of lipid peroxides produced in the rats fed kimchi diet. The lowest antioxidative enzyme activities observed in HSK were in line with those of hepatic POV and TBARS of HSK. Our findings confirmed that kimchi acted as an antioxidant in the high fat fed rats and its antioxidant effect was significantly increased by the addition of sea tangle.

• BMB Reports
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.585-593
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• 1999

The water and methanol extracts of Artemisia argyi showed significant cytotoxicities against J774A.1 cells but not so much against normal leukocytes. The cytotoxicities were found to be dependent on the extract concentration and the incubation time. The concentration of water and methanol extracts inhibiting 50% of cell proliferation ($IC_{50}$) were estimated to be 44.2 mg/ml and 71.6 mg/ml, respectively. In the presence of Artemisia argyi water extract, total superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD and MnSOD) activities of media, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial fractions of J774A.1 cells increased in accordance with cytotoxicity. MnSOD was found to be the main component of enhanced total SOD activities, particulary in the mitochondrial fraction. In contrast to SOD, catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were not found in any instance of the current investigation. In addition, substantial amount of $O_2^-$ appeared to be generated in the mitochondrial fraction under the influence of Artemisia argyi. All data put together, it is postulated that Artemisia argyi extracts seem to stimulate $O_2^-$ generation in mitochondria of J774A.1 cells with concomitant increases of SODs. Since $H_2O_2$, the reaction product of SOD on $O_2^-$, is known to be readily converted to very toxic $OH{\cdot}$ in the absence of catalase and/or GPx cooperation, toxicity derived from ROS such as $O_2^-$, $H_2O_2$, and $OH{\cdot}$ may be the main cause of necrosis and/or apoptosis of J774A.1 cells.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2003

Pycnogenol (PYC) is believed to have potential as a therapeutic agent against free radical-mediated oxidative stress. It is important, therefore, to understand the interactions between PYC and cellular defenses against oxidative stress. Toward this end, we analyzed the survival rates on the gene expression responses of E. coli sod katG mutants to PYC after pre-treatment of PQ or H$_2$O$_2$-mediated stress under aerobic conditions. We identified SOD induced by PYC, but not HP1 in sod hate mutants. A striking result was the PYC induction of SOD with antioxidant property in single katG mutant cells, particularly MnSOD and CuZnSOD. These inductions were further increased with oxidative stress, while HP1 was not induced in these conditions. The effects of pycnogenol treatment on these cells depend in part on its concentration on the stress response. Protective effects of PYC exposure which affected gene expression in cells were consistent with cell survival rates. Our results demonstrate that pycnogenol may alter the stress response gene expression in a specific manner such as SOXRS because PYC induction of single mutant only worked under increased PQ stress. All together our data indicate that SOD activity is essential for the cellular defense against PQ-mediated oxidative stress, suggesting that PYC may not be effective as an antioxidant in only oxidative stress conditions. On the other hand, it was expected that PYC may play a role as a pro-oxidant and if it is available for use, it should be evaluated carefully.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.63-70
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• 1998

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase constitute the first coordinated unit of defense against reactive oxygen species. Here, we examined the effect of ginseng saponins on the induction of SOD and catalase gene expression. To explore this possibility, the upstream regulatory promoter region of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SODI) and catalase genes were linked to the chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase (CATI structural gene and introduced into human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Total saponin and panaxatriol did not activate the transcription of SODI and catalase genes but panaxadiol increased the transcription of these genes about 2-3 fold. Among the Panaxadiol ginsenosides, the Rb2 subtraction appeared to is a major induce of SODI and catalase genes. Using the deletion analyses and mobility shift assays, we showed that the 5051 gene was greatly activated by ginsenoside Rba through transcription factor AP2 binding sites and its induction. We also examined the effect of the content ratio of panaxadiol extracted from various compartment of ginseng on the transcription of 5031 gene. Saponin extract that contains 2.6-fold more PD than PT from the fine root Increased the SODI induction about 3-fold. These results suggest that the panaxadiol fraction and its ginsenosides could induce the antioxidant enzymes, which are important for maintaining cell viability by lowering level of oxygen radical generated from intracellular metabolism.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.489-492
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• 2007

We investigated the antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts obtained from the flowers of Elsholtzia splendens on Chinese hamster ovary CHO-K1 cells. When cells were treated with E. splendens extracts (ESEs), low concentrations (<12.5 ug/mL) of stimulated cell proliferation via radical generation. Relative mRNA expression of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Mn-SOD in cells exposed to ESEs (1-20 ug/mL) was significantly induced in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). In the case of catalase, ESEs had opposing effects; that is, a low-level treatment caused a decrease, and a high-level treatment induced elevated levels (p<0.05). The results demonstrated that components of ESEs exhibit potential antioxidant properties. Also, further studies are required to clarify the active components of Elsholtzia splendens extracts responsible for such biological activities.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.93-98
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• 2000

This study was designed to investigate the effect of silkworm powder on oxygen radicals and their scavenger enzymes in brain membrances of SD rats. Hydroxyl radical (OH) levels resulted in a considerable decreases in brain mitochondria fraction. Superoxide radical (O$_2$) levels were a slightly decreased in brain cytosol fraction. Lipid peroxide (LPO) and Oxidized protein (OP) levels were significantly decreased in brain mitochondria and microsomes fraction. Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was remarkably increased in the mitochondria fraction. Cu and Zn-SOD activities were effectively increased in brain cytosol fraction. GSHPx activity was considerably increased in brain cytosol fraction. These results suggest that anti-aging effect of silkworm plays an effective role in attenuating an oxidative stress and increasing a scravenger enzyme activity in brain membranes.

• BMB Reports
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.111-114
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• 2005

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are known to protect cells from oxidative stress and other types of injuries. We previously reported the neuroprotective effect of HSP70 following cerebral ischemia and reperfusion using hsp 70.1 knockout (KO) mice. However, the precise role of HSP70 in neuroprotection has not been established yet. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between HSP70 and antioxidant enzymes using hsp 70.1 KO mice. The activities of both SOD-1 and SOD-2 were significantly decreased in hsp 70.1 KO mice than in the wild type (WT) littermates. SOD-1 protein level in the hsp 70.1 KO mice was lower than that of WT. We speculate that HSP70 might be involved in regulation of expression of SOD-1 at the level of transcription or by post-transcriptional modification.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.163-168
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• 2003

The reactive oxygen species (ROS) are considered to be an important mediator in pancreatic ${\beta}$ cell destruction, thereby triggering the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In the present study, HIV-1 Tat-mediated transduction of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) was investigated to evaluate its protective potential against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced cytotoxicity in insulin-producing MIN6N cells. Tat-SOD fusion protein was successfully delivered into MIN6N cells in a dose-dependent manner and the transduced fusion protein was enzymatically active for 48 h. The STZ induced-cell destruction, superoxide anion radical production, and DNA fragmentation of MIN6N cells were significantly decreased in the cells pretreated with Tat-SOD for 1 h. Furthermore, the transduction of Tat-SOD increased Bcl-2 and heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) expressions in cells exposed to STZ, which might be partly responsible for the effect of Tat-SOD. These results suggest that an increased of free radical scavenging activity by transduction of Tat-SOD enhanced the tolerance of the cell against oxidative stress in STZ-treated MIN6N cells. Therefore, this Tat-SOD transduction technique may provide a new strategy to protect the pancreatic ${\beta}$ cell destruction in ROS-mediated diabetes.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.451-458
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• 2011

The medicinal mushroom Inonotus obliquus is a traditional and widely used multi-functional fungus. In this study, we have investigated whether Inonotus obliquus (Chaga mushroom) extracts exerts anti-oxidant effects on cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in auditory cell line, HEI-OC1 cells. First of all, Chaga extracts has no harmful effects on viability of HEI-OC1 cells in the dose range of $65{\sim}125{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Moreover, it shows cyto-protective effects on the cells treated with cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in HEI-OC1 cells and the damage of hair cells arrays of the rat primary organ of Corti explants in the presence of cisplatin. Pretreatment with Chaga extracts inhibited the cell death, reactive oxygen species generation (ROS), lipid peroxidation induced by cisplatin. These effects were associated with the induction of antioxidant enzyme by Chaga extracts. We further investigated the effects of Chaga extracts on expression of antioxidant enzymes such as Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD 1) and Mn SOD (SOD 2) by RT-PCR. In addition, Chaga extracts shows SOD activity and SOD protein expression in cisplatin treated group induced similar to control group. Taken together, these results indicate that Chaga extracts can prevent cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity by radical-scavenging activity (SOD activity) in HEI-OC1 cells. It might be an effective as antioxidant and further studies on the chemo-preventive mechanisms of Inonotus obliquus are needed.