• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.523-529
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Commensality, eating together with others, is a major representation of human sociality. In recent time, environments around commensality have changed significantly due to rapid social changes, and the decline of commensality is perceived as a serious concern in many modern societies. This study employs a cross-cultural analysis of university students in two East Asian countries, and examines cross-cultural variations of perceptions and actual practices of commensality and solo-eating. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The analysis was drawn from a free-list survey and a self-administrative questionnaires of university students in urban Korea and Japan. The free-listing survey was conducted with a small cohort to explore common images and meanings of commensality and solo-eating. The self-administrative questionnaire was developed based on the result of the free-list survey, and conducted with a larger cohort to examine reasons and problems of practices and associated behaviors and food intake. RESULTS: We found that Korean subjects tended to show stronger associations between solo-eating and negative emotions while the Japanese subjects expressed mixed emotions towards the practice of solo-eating. In the questionnaire, more Korean students reported they prefer commensality and tend to eat more quantities when they eat commensally. In contrast, more Japanese reported that they do not have preference on commensality and there is no notable difference in food quantities when they eat commensally and alone. Compared to the general Korean cohort finding, more proportion of overweight and obese groups of Korean subjects reported that they tend to eat more when they are alone than normal and underweight groups. This difference was not found in the overweight Japanese subjects. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed cross-cultural variations of perceptions and practices of commensality and solo-eating in a non-western setting.

• 한국디자인학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국디자인학회 2004년도 추계 학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.212-213
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• 2004

Since the advent of man there has been a constant struggle to define social pattern, and understand ways of cultural thinking. Every culture has it's own limitations and freedoms, problems and expectations. For centuries now anthropologist, ethnographers have worked on mapping and defining these differences. These findings instigate the designers to formulate new design theories and research methodologies for drafting cultural specific solutions. The question arises 'in a cross cultural application how effective and applicable are the basic research methodologies'? Quoting one such example the 'Privacy' issue seems to be a very strong component in the Japanese culture but is often a deterring factor in allowing the 'home ethnographic study to take place effectively'. However in countries like India similar studies could have a more welcoming reaction owing to the adaptive social culture. Similarly, the high rate of 'Illiteracy' in rural India closes many doors for 'form filling' user surveys. This leads to the scope of research for understanding specific cultural traits that may effect adaptation and re-improvisation of these existing methodologies. Quite often the cultural traits of a country may lead in forming new research methodologies.

• 이베로아메리카
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.407-439
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• 2010

Growth of researches addressing cross-culture in international business is exponential. This article reviews the extant researches around the national culture and describes the various conceptualization of culture through discussion of some of popular models of national culture. This article presented some of the most important issues in international business surrounding globalization, especially convergence and divergence of cultures and cultural changes. Global rapid changes in international business environment request the reconsideration of the assumption of cultural stability and the simple view of culture, which tends to examine the static influence of a few cultural factors in isolation form other cultural factors and contextual elements. This paper identifies a valid cultural grouping and proposes the following typology of the possible methodologies in international business; Ethnological description, Use of proxies, Direct values inference, and Indirect values inference. Rather than selecting a single methodology, it appears to be more appropriate to use multi-method in the cross-cultural international business research. It has been shown that cultural change is intertwined with socioeconomic-institutional variables, and that these variables may also add to determine culture contemporarily. This paper also explained the dynamics of culture as multi-level, multi-layer constructs. According to this model, we may understand how the dynamic nature of culture conveys the top-down-bottom-up processes where one cultural level affects changes in other level of culture.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.64-69
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• 2009

Cultural heritages represent the histories and intellectual level of a country. The Annals of Joseon Dynasty are regarded as the most valuable resources containing the record of Korean history. In some periods, wax-treated paper was used as the material of the Annals of Joseon Dynasty. Many previous studies have focused on the development of paper used as the material of the Annals of Joseon Dynasty, but the manufacture method of wax-treated volumes and the degradation mechanism of wax have been not fully understood yet. The purposes of the present study are to produce various kinds of wax-treated paper using by different coating methods and to analyse the morphological properties of wax-treated paper. The analysis of SEM demonstrates that beeswax treated paper made by brushing method produces flatter surface and more excellent penetration. Wax layer is produced on the cross section of beeswax treated paper as the increase of coating amount.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.422-429
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 문화지능과 이문화 적응, 체류만족과 직무성과 간의 상관관계를 규명하기 위한 연구모형과 가설을 도출하고 한국에서 연수 또는 근무하는 중국인 근로자 188명을 대상으로 검증하였다. 결과적으로 문화지능은 이문화 적응에 긍정적 관계를 가지고 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 그리고 이문화 적응과 체류만족, 직무성과 간의 관계에 대한 경험분석에서는 문화지능이 높을수록, 그리고 이문화 적응을 잘할수록 체류만족이 높고 직무성과도 향상되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 문화지능과 이문화 적응 간의 관계에서 국제경험의 조절효과를 분석하였는데, 국제경험이 많을수록 이문화 적응이 더욱 잘 되는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이러한 연구 결과는 글로벌 기업에서 해외 파견근로자의 체류만족과 직무성과를 높이기 위해서는 해외파견근로자를 선발할 때 문화지능이 높은 사람들을 우선 고려하고, 그들의 이문화 적응 수준을 향상시켜야 한다는 시사점을 제시하였다.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.339-362
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• 2010

본 연구는 1986년부터 2008년까지 해외기업을 인수한 284개 한국의 상장기업들을 대상으로 인수기업의 피인수기업에 대한 통제수준이 국제 인수합병(M&A) 성과에 미치는 영향에 대하여 실증 분석하였다. 본 연구의 분석결과, 인수기업의 피인수기업에 대한 통제수준이 국제 인수합병 성과와 음(-)의 관계가 있음을 보여주었다. 또한 피인수기업에 대한 통제수준과 문화적 거리의 상호작용은 국제 인수합병 성과와 음(-)의 관계가 있으며, 피인수기업에 대한 통제수준과 관련형 인수의 상호작용도 국제 인수합병 성과와 음(-)의 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 본 연구는 문화적 거리가 클수록 또는 관련형 인수일수록 피인수기업에 대한 통제수준은 국제 인수합병 성과에 더욱 부정적인 영향을 주는 것을 보여주었다. 이러한 결과는 국제 인수합병 성과의 결정요인으로서 피인수기업에 대한 통제수준의 역할에 대한 이해를 높이는 것은 물론, 문화적 거리 및 관련형 인수와 국제 인수합병 성과간의 관계에 대한 설명에 있어서도 피인수기업에 대한 통제수준을 고려함으로써 기존 연구들을 보완해 주고 있다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2018

본 연구의 목적은 첨단 ICT의 활용도를 높이고 국가 간 교육 교류협력 활성화에 기여하는 온라인 국제교류 협력학습의 개념과 유형에 대해서 살펴보고, 유형별 수업 설계모형을 제시하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 온라인 국제교류 협력학습 관련 시범사업 및 선행연구를 고찰하였다. 그 결과, 온라인 국제교류 협력학습은 첨단 ICT를 기반으로 언어적, 문화적으로 이질적인 학생, 교사, 현장전문가가 상호작용하고 협력함으로써 지식을 탐구하고 구성해가는 구성주의 기반의 교육방법임을 확인하였다. 유형으로는 원격 화상 수업 중심의 실시간 교류학습과 웹사이트 기반 과제 중심의 비실시간 교류학습이 있었고, 이러한 유형별 특징을 고려한 PPIE(Plan-Preparation-Interaction-Evaluation) 수업 설계모형을 제시하였다. 본 연구의 결과가 온라인 국제교류 협력학습 활성화에 기여할 것으로 기대한다.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.43-61
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• 2016

This paper has identified some theoretical reasons and empirical evidence for negative scores that occur in Japan and Korea or unstable NPS scores that can be experienced. A psychological analysis of NPS results sheds light on the validity of the negative NPS scores that are often found in Japan and Korea. Usually customer experience surveys utilize a "single stimulus" such as the "company" or the "company's products / services." However, in the case of the "recommendation to friend" question of the NPS system there are two stimuli namely the "company product/service" and the influence of "friends." Hence, the survey outcomes from this question can be very different when compared with other single stimulus questions such as "overall satisfaction" or "repurchase." Japanese and Korean people may have a positive attitude towards the company but they will provide low NPS scores because they are reflecting that they would not run the risk of ruining their relationships with their friends by making a recommendation. As a result, in the NPS system these people will be labeled as "detractors" when in fact they are "ambivalent customers." Using several Japanese and Korean based marketing research industry examples and case studies, different strategies are proposed to address the issue of negative scores in the NPS system in Japan and Korea. The Customers Psyche appears to be the key determinant factors for both types of behavioural items (items with a single stimulus as well as items with two stimuli).

• 비교문화연구
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• 제20권
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• pp.149-182
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• 2010

This paper reports on an ongoing study that utilizes the literacy autobiographies of 10 Asian and 10 Western graduate students from TESOL Masters programs in Korea and America as data for a cross cultural study on the discursive process of identity formation and the development of critical consciousness (Freire, 2000). While the data suggests similarities and differences between cultures in terms of the effects of education, social relationships, media, and religion, no definitive claims may be made due to the small size of the research corpus. However, analysis of the data revealed that only four of the narratives could be judged as engaging in critical introspection of individual subjects systems of knowledge, values, and beliefs, as opposed to the other narratives that were primarily descriptive of individual personal experiences. As such, this study found that while the willingness and ability to engage in the critical practices which lead to the development of a critical consciousness are similar across cultures, they may be mediated by the literacy practices inscribed in education, media, and other social practices.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2015

Purpose - In a global economy, marketers are required to understand service quality from an international consumer viewpoint. Despite the increased need for cross-cultural research, few studies have developed service quality research international in scope. The present research aims to shed light on variations in airline service quality among international consumers. Research design, data, and methodology - Conducting crosscultural research, this study compares airline service quality variations, investigating an international consumer group and a Korean consumer group. T-test and factor analyses are applied to examine mean scores and factor structure of the airline service dimensions. Results - The results indicate there are significant differences in mean comparisons between the groups. The international consumers indicate significantly higher service perception scores than the Koreans. Further, we find that the factor structure of airline service quality diverges between the groups. The international group considers airline service quality in four dimensions, while Koreans consider it in two. Conclusions - The study sheds new light on international service variations and suggests that the field of airline service quality may differ by nations and/or cultures.