• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.46-53
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• 1996

The present study is aiming at improving the performance of main nozzle of an air jet loom with a modified reed and auxiliary nozzles. The double coaxial pipe jets consisting of a central air jet and an annular air jet have been experimentally investigated. The duter jet has a potential core and a constant velocity. The inner jet through an inner long pipe is induced by the subatmospheric pressure near the inner nozzle edge, and the jet velocity of an inner pipe is always lower than that of a outer pipe. The static pressures of the main nozzle over a wide range of the nozzle tank pressure were measured, and the nozzle velocity and Mach numbers were analytically calculated. Experiment81 results indicate that the critical condition of Mach number of unity to occur at the two positions in a main nozzle; one of them is the needle tip and the other is the acceleration tube exit An increase in the tank pressure causes the critical throat condition to occur at the two positions above. The velocity of acceleration-tube exit is maximum at the critical length L* and flow patter in acceleration-tube over critical lengh remains unstable.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.136-144
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• 2009

This paper focuses on the attempt to manual application for optimization structural scale of stone and Gabion at the closing gap of sea dike. The manual was developed through hydraulic model experiment that measured the critical velocity of sill-crest, bottom protection and dam-face at the final closure of Saemangeum sea dike, and through the comparison and verification of critical velocity for each scale calculated by existing empirical formula. Also, the critical velocity when rocks are used together with gabion is measured to add to the manual, which is an initial attempt that had not been executed before. The manual proposes the appropriate structural scale according to the measured critical velocity per day during the final closure period of Saemangeum sea dike, and its application was appraised highly after the completion of the final closing.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.38-44
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the volume fraction of water and injection pressure on the spray characteristics of water/oil emulsified fuel injected from the pressure swirl atomizer. The mixture of light oil and water by using impeller mixer was performed. The spray characteristics such as SMD and velocity were measured using PDPA. The injection pressures were 7.5, 100, 200 and $300kgt/cm^2$ and volume fractions of water in emulsified fuel were 0, 10, 20 and 30%, respectively. The measurement sections were at 30, 60 and 90mm from injection nozzle tip. SMD and velocity of emulsified fuel were larger gradually by increasing the volume fraction of water in emulsified fuel. The spray angle was decreased and axial velocity was increased with increase in water content. It was found that the relative SMD ratio was increased more greatly than the relative axial velocity ratio in super critical pressure. The relative SMD ratio was increased and the relative axial velocity ratio was decreased with increase injection pressure at spray downstream.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.107-117
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• 1998

In the case of a fire disaster in a uni-directional road tunnel, it is important to determine the critical ventilation velocity to prevent the backflow travelling toward the tunnel exit where vehicles are stopped. The critical ventilation velocity is horizontal velocity to prevent hot smoke from moving toward the tunnel exit. According to Froude modelling, the model tunnel whcih was 300mm in diameter and 21 m in length was made of acryl tubes. Inner section of acryl tubes was clothed with polycarbonate. 1/20 scaled model vehicles were installed to simulate the situation that vehicles are stopped in the tunnel exit. Methanol in a pool type burner was burned in the middle of tunnel to simulate a fire hazard. In this study, the basis of determining the critical ventilation velocity is the ventilation flow rate that is able to maintain the allowable CO concentration in the tunnel section. We assumed that the allowable CO concentration was backflow dispersion index. Futhermore, We intended to find out CO distribution and temperature distribution according as we changed ventilation velocity. The results of this study were that no backflow happened when ventilation velocity was 0.52 m/s in the case of 5.75 kW. If we adapt these results of a fire disaster releasing 10MW heat capacity in real tunnel which is 400m in length, no backflow happens when ventilation velocity is 2.31m/s. After we figured out dimensionless heat release rate and dimensionless ventilation velocity of model test and those of real test to verify experimental correctness, we tried to find out correlation between experimental results of model tunnel and those of real tunnel.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.366-375
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• 1991

In this study, vibrational behavior of uniform pipe carrying a moving medium is studied by using a transfer matrix and the displacement function derived from the conventional beam theory. In various boundary conditions, flow velocity and mechanical property change of the variation of natural frequency are investigated. The Coriolis term in the original differential equation of motion has been ignored in the investigation. This method is used to study the variation of natural frequency with flow velocity for clamped-clamped, cantilevered, clamped-pinned, pinned-pinned, free-free straight pipe element. It is shown that clamped-clamped, free-free pipe have the highest natural frequency and critical velocity values while cantilevered pipe have the smallest natural frequency for the same mechanical properties. From the vibration effects of mechanical property variation, it is shown that bending stiffness and pipe length variation has large influence on natural frequency and critical velocity. Since the order of transfer matrix is not changed with boundary conditions of pipe element, this method proposed can be easily applied to personal-computer for vibration analysis of pipe element. Furthermore, this method can be extended to three-dimensional system by using a coordinate transformation for the analysis of piping systems.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.149-155
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• 2008

To evaluate the formulae for the stability of riprap, the formulae of Isbash, California division of highway, Netherlands, ASCE, Pilarczk, and Maynord are comparatively analysed with the experimental results. The critical velocity which initiates the motion of riprap is increased with the weight and the size in diameter and the riprap size with water depth, Froude number, shear velocity with mean velocity, Shields parameter have great correlation with them. The results by 6 formulae are overestimated in riprap size in diameter and the result by Maynord formula proposed by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers estimates rather correct. The results by Isbash, Netherlands, and Pilarczk are overestimated in riprap weight but the result by California division of highway formula coincides with experimental result. In the experimental results of model riprap artificially made by gypsum with light weight density, the critical velocity is increased with shape factors. The critical velocity appears greater in regular arrangement of model riprap than in random arrangement of it. Therefore the shape factor and the degree of interlocking are an important parameters in riprap stability.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.277-283
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• 2003

It is well known that the natural frequencies of the pipe come to be lower as internal fluid velocity and pressure increase, and the pipe will be unstable if the fluid velocity is higher than critical velocity. But even if the velocity of the fluid below the critical velocity, resonance will be caused by pulsation of the fluid. So it should be also taken into consideration that the effect of pulsating fluid in pipe design. The research of the piping system vibration due to a fluid pulsation has been studied by many people. But almost is dealt with determining the boundary between stable and unstable region without analyzing forced response in the stable region. In this study, not only stability analysis but also forced response analysis, which is caused by harmonically excited fluid especially, is conducted.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.1 s.20
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• pp.81-91
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• 2005

It is well known that the natural frequencies of the pipe come to be lower as internal fluid velocity and pressure increase, and the pipe will be unstable if the fluid velocity is higher than critical velocity. But even if the velocity of the fluid below the critical velocity, resonance will be caused by pulsation of the fluid. So the effects of pulsating fluid in pipe should be also taken into consideration for better analysis. The research of the vibration of piping system due to a fluid pulsation has been studied by many people. But most of them are dealt with determining the boundary between stable and unstable region without analyzing forced response in the stable region. In this study, not only stability analysis but also forced response analysis, which is caused by harmonically excited fluid especially, is conducted. In order to analyze the system numerically, the descretized equation is formulated by using FEM(Finite Element Method). And the results of this method are compared with those of AMM(Assumed Mode Method) which were used by many researcher earlier.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.346-354
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• 1991

Turning behavior of tractor-trailer system was studied to guide the tractor and trailer. Based upon kinematic relationship between the tractor and the trailer, a mathematical model was developed and analyzed by computer simulation. A field test was carried out to verify the mathematical model. Following conclusions were drawn from this study. 1. A mathematical model and a simulation program for turning behavior of tractor-trailer system were developed. 2. The results of the field tests showed that the RMS errors were less than 0.33m and the mathematical model based upon kinematic relationship can be used for mapping guidance system for tractor and trailer. 3. As the steering angle was increased, the turning radius was decreased. When the tractor travelled at the low speed, the travel speed of the tractor did not affect turning radius but did affect running time and stability for steering. 4. When the tractor travelled under the critical velocity, the towed trailer followed smoothly. When the the tractor travelled faster than the critical velocity, the towed trailer oscillated. The critical velocity was determined from the specification of the tractor and the trailer.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.313-324
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• 1995

Flexible cantilever pipes conveying fluids with high velocity are analysed for their dynamic response and stability behaviour. The Young's modulus and mass per unit length of the pipe material have a stochastic distribution. The stochastic fields, that model the fluctuations of Young's modulus and mass density are characterized through their respective means, variances and autocorrelation functions or their equivalent power spectral density functions. The stochastic non self-adjoint partial differential equation is solved for the moments of characteristic values, by treating the point fluctuations to be stochastic perturbations. The second-order statistics of vibration frequencies and mode shapes are obtained. The critical flow velocity is first evaluated using the averaged eigenvalue equation. Through the eigenvalue equation, the statistics of vibration frequencies are transformed to yield critical flow velocity statistics. Expressions for the bounds of eigenvalues are obtained, which in turn yield the corresponding bounds for critical flow velocities.