• Title/Summary/Keyword: Critical shear stress for erosion

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Measurements of Erosion Rate in Fine-Grained Soils (세립토의 침식율 측정)

  • 곽기석;정문경;정하익;우제윤;조삼덕
    • Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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    • 2002.03a
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    • pp.337-342
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    • 2002
  • A new apparatus called the EFA (Erosion Function Apparatus) has been built and tested to measure the erodibility of fine-grained soils. The EFA is a simple test to predict the erosion rate of fine-grained soils along with the corresponding velocity and shear stress. In addition, it is advantageous in predicting the scour rate for actual soil samples from bridge sites. The plot of erosion rate versus shear stress is the result of an EFA test. It Indicates the critical shear stress at which erosion starts and the rate of erosion beyond that shear stress. In order to measure the erodibilities of various soils, 14 Shelby Tube soil samples are collected from the actual bridge sites and tested using the EFA. The results of the EFA tests which are the relationships between erosion rates and shear stresses are presented in this paper and research continues to develop the correlation between the erosion function and the soil properties.

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An Experimental Study on Erosion and Deposition of Estuarial Cohesive Sediment (하구점성토의 침식 및 퇴적에 관한 실험적 연구)

  • 안수한;김재중
    • Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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    • v.1 no.1
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    • pp.44-49
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    • 1989
  • Cohesive sedimentation mechanism is affected by various physico-chemical factors. Thus, the field observations and the laboratory experiments for cohesive sediment have been reported for decades. Erosion and deposition test was carried out with cohesive sediment material sampled in the Keum River Estuary in this study. The change of the suspended cohesive sediment concentration was measured for various flow conditions, which have the purpose to determine the critical shear stress and the coefficients for erosion and deposition . The critical shear stress and the coefficient for erosion were determined in the flume test. The equilibrium concentration was determined for each shear stress and the relationship between the normalized equilibrium cocentration with the initial cocentration (Ceq/co) and the equivalent shear stress was obtained. The experimental results were compared with the other results and showed fairly well agreements with them.

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A Laboratory Study for Erosional Properties of Cohesive Sediments from Mokpo Coast (목포해역 점착성 퇴적물의 침식특성에 대한 실험적 연구)

  • Kim, Man-Kon;Yang, Su-Hyun;Tae, Dong-Hyeon;Hwang, Kyu-Nam
    • Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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    • v.25 no.1
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    • pp.14-21
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    • 2011
  • The purpose of this study is to quantify the erosional parameters, such as the critical shear stress for erosion and the erosion rate coefficient for cohesive sediments from the Mokpo coast. Using Chonbuk annular flume, five erosion tests were conducted under the uniform bed condition but a different bed density respectively. Erosion test results for Mokpo sediments have shown increases in the range of $0.16{\sim}0.43\;N/m^2$ but decreases exponentially in the range of $272{\sim}4.64\;mg/cm^2{\cdot}hr$ for the given bed shear stress of $1.14{\sim}1.34\;g/cm^3$. The erosional parameters of Mokpo sediments are found to vary remarkably in quantity compared with those for cohesive sediments from other sites. On the whole, the value of Mokpo coast sediments appears to be similar to Kunsan sediments but smaller than Saemankeum and Okeechobee sediments. On the other hand, Mokpo sediments have been shown to be larger than Saemankeum and Okeechobee sediments but smaller than Kunsan sediments.

Potential of River Bottom and Bank Erosion for River Restoration after Dam Slit in the Mountain Stream

  • Kang, Ji-Hyun;So, Kazama
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2011.05a
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    • pp.46-46
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    • 2011
  • Severe sediment erosion during floods occur disaster and economic losses, but general sediment erosion is basic mechanism to move sediment from upstream to downstream river. In addition, it is important process to change river form. Check dam, which is constructed in mountain stream, play a vital role such as control of sudden debris flow, but it has negative aspects to river ecosystem. Now a day, check dam of open type is an alternative plan to recover river biological diversity and ecosystem through sediment transport while maintaining the function of disaster control. The purpose of this paper is to verify sediment erosion progress of river bottom and bank as first step for river restoration after dam slit by cross-sectional shear stress and critical shear stress. Study area is upstream reach of slit check dam in mountain stream, named Wasada, in Japan. The check dam was slit with two passages in August, 2010. The transects were surveyed for four upstream cross-sections, 7.4 m, 34 m, 86 m, and 150 m distance from dam in October 2010. Sediment size was surveyed at river bottom and bank. Sediment of cobble size was found at the wetted bottom, and small size particles of sand to medium gravel composed river bank. Discharge was $2.5\;m^3/s$ and bottom slope was 0.027 m/m. Excess shear stress (${\tau}_{ex}$) was calculated for hydraulic erosion by subtracting the values of critical shear stress (${\tau}_{c}$) from the value of shear stress (${\tau}$) at river bottom and bank (${\tau}_{ex}=\tau-{\tau}_c$). Shear stress of river bottom (${\tau}_{bottom}$) was calculated using the cross-sectional shear stress, and bank shear stress (${\tau}_{bank}$) was calculated from the method of Flintham and Carling (1988). $${\tau}_{bank}={\tau}^*SF_{bank}((B+P_{bed})/(2^*P_{bank}))$$ where $SF_{bank}=1.77(P_{bed}/p_{bank}+1.5)^{-1.4}$, B is the water surface width, $P_{bed}$ and $P_{bank}$ are wetted parameter of the bed and bank. Estimated values for ${\tau}_{bottom}$ for a flow of $2.5\;m^3/s$ were lower as 25.0 (7.5 m cross-section), 25.7 (34 m), 21.3 (86 m) and 19.8 (150 m), in N/$m^2$, than critical shear stress (${\tau}_c=62.1\;N/m^2$) with cobble of 64 mm. The values were insufficient to erode cobble sediment. In contrast, even if the values of ${\tau}_{bank}$ were lower than the values for ${\tau}_{bottom}$ as 18.7 (7.5 m), 19.3 (34 m), 16.1 (86 m) and 14.7 (150 m), in N/$m^2$, excess shear stresses were calculated at the three cross-sections of 7.5 m, 34 m, and 86 m distances compare with ${\tau}_c$ is 15.5 N/$m^2$ of 16mm gravel. Bank shear stresses were sufficient for erosion of the medium gravel to sand. Therefore there is potential to erode lateral bank than downward erosion in a flow of $2.5\;m^3/s$. Undercutting of the wetted bank can causes bank scour or collapse, therefore this channel has potential to become wider at the same time. This research is about a potential of sediment erosion, and the result could not verify with real data. Therefore it need next step for verification. In addition an erosion mechanism for river restoration is not simple because discharge distribution is variable by snow-melting or rainy season, and a function for disaster control will recover by big precipitation event. Therefore it needs to consider the relationship between continuous discharge change and sediment erosion.

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An Experimental Study for Estimation of Erosion Rate of Fine Cohesive Sediments (미세-점착성 퇴적물의 침식률 산정을 위한 실험적 연구)

  • Hwang Kyu-Nam;So Sang-Don;Kim Tae-Min
    • Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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    • v.17 no.2
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    • pp.119-128
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    • 2005
  • An annular flume has been constructed in order to estimate the erosion rate of fine cohesive sediments. Under an uniform bed condition, some erosion tests for Kaolinite sediments have been conducted to examine the performance of the flume and to check the validity of experimental method and results. In this study, the critical shear stress for erosion and the erosion rate coefficient are estimated and compared with the existing measurements. It is concluded that the performance of the annular flume is good enough to conduct erosion tests and the experimental method and results are valid.

Surface erosion behavior of biopolymer-treated river sand

  • Kwon, Yeong-Man;Cho, Gye-Chun;Chung, Moon-Kyung;Chang, Ilhan
    • Geomechanics and Engineering
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    • v.25 no.1
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    • pp.49-58
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    • 2021
  • The resistance of soil to the tractive force of flowing water is one of the essential parameters for the stability of the soil when directly exposed to the movement of water such as in rivers and ocean beds. Biopolymers, which are new to sustainable geotechnical engineering practices, are known to enhance the mechanical properties of soil. This study addresses the surface erosion resistance of river-sand treated with several biopolymers that originated from micro-organisms, plants, and dairy products. We used a state-of-the-art erosion function apparatus with P-wave reflection monitoring. Experimental results have shown that biopolymers significantly improve the erosion resistance of soil surfaces. Specifically, the critical shear stress (i.e., the minimum shear stress needed to detach individual soil grains) of biopolymer-treated soils increased by 2 to 500 times. The erodibility coefficient (i.e., the rate of increase in erodibility as the shear stress increases) decreased following biopolymer treatment from 1 × 10-2 to 1 × 10-6 times compared to that of untreated river-sands. The scour prediction calculated using the SRICOS-EFA program has shown that a height of 14 m of an untreated surface is eroded during the ten years flow of the Nakdong River, while biopolymer treatment reduced this height to less than 2.5 m. The result of this study has demonstrated the possibility of cross-linked biopolymers for river-bed stabilization agents.

Surface erosion of MICP-treated sands: Erosion function apparatus tests and CFD-DEM bonding model

  • Soo-Min Ham;Min-Kyung Jeon;Tae-Hyuk Kwon
    • Geomechanics and Engineering
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    • v.33 no.2
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    • pp.133-140
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    • 2023
  • Soil erosion can cause scouring and failures of underwater structures, therefore, various soil improvement techniques are used to increase the soil erosion resistance. The microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) method is proposed to increase the erosion resistance, however, there are only limited experimental and numerical studies on the use of MICP treatment for improvement of surface erosion resistance. Therefore, this study investigates the improvement in surface erosion resistance of sands by MICP through laboratory experiments and numerical modeling. The surface erosion behaviors of coarse sands with various calcium carbonate contents were first investigated via the erosion function apparatus (EFA). The test results showed that MICP treatment increased the overall erosion resistance, and the contribution of the precipitated calcium carbonate to the erosion resistance and critical shear stress was quantified in relation to the calcium carbonate contents. Further, these surface erosion processes occurring in the EFA test were simulated through the coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element method (DEM) with the cohesion bonding model to reflect the mineral precipitation effect. The simulation results were compared with the experimental results, and the developed CFD-DEM model with the cohesion bonding model well predicted the critical shear stress of MICP-treated sand. This work demonstrates that the MICP treatment is effective in improving soil erosion resistance, and the coupled CFD-DEM with a bonding model is a useful and promising tool to analyze the soil erosion behavior for MICP-treated sand at a particle scale.

An Experimental Study on Parameter Estimation of Settling and Erosional Properties for Cohesive Sediments in Shihwa Lake (시화호 점착성 퇴적물의 침강.침식 특성 매개변수 산정에 대한 실험적 연구)

  • Ryu Hong-Ryul;Hwang Kyu-Nam
    • Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.179-188
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    • 2006
  • The purpose of this study is to quantitatively estimate the settling and erosional properties for cohesive sediments in Shihwa lake. Settling tests are conducted by multi-depth method using a specially designed 1.8 m tall settling column, and erosion tests are conducted with annular flume under the uniform bed condition. As result of settling tests, it is confirmed that the settling velocity of the cohesive sediments has the range of $0.002 for suspended sediments concentration of 0.1$0.19{\sim}0.55N/m^{2}$ for bed shear stress of $1.14{\sim}1.32g/cm^{3}$, and the erosion rate coefficient decreases with logarithmic function in a range of $18.4{\sim}3.9mg/cm^{2}{\cdot}hr$ with increase of bed shear stress.

Evaluation of Local Erosion Characteristics of Fine-Grained Soils in the West Coast Area (서해안 세립토의 국지적 침식특성 평가)

  • Kwak, Kiseok;Lee, Juhyung;Park, Jae Hyun;Woo, Hyo Seop
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.26 no.5C
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    • pp.323-331
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    • 2006
  • It is a recent worldwide trend that erosion characteristics of soil, the resistance factor against scour, are quantified and considered in the estimation of scour depths in fine-grained soils. As part of the efforts, local erosion characteristics on fine-grained soils of the West Coast area are analyzed through scour rate experiments, where a lot of sea-crossing long-span bridges are planned and being constructed in recent years. Four sites including Incheon Bridge, Choji Bridge, Hwankyung Bridge, and Janghang area are finally selected for this study and the scour rate tests are performed using 34 undisturbed soil samples from the sites. The critical shear stresses which represent erodibility of the soil tend to be proportional to the undrained shear strength values. The relative ability of cohesive fine-grained soils to resist erosion is assumed to be higher than that of noncohesive soils. Quantified local erosion characteristics of fine-grained soils in the West Coast area are presented in forms of charts showing relationships between scour rates and shear stresses, and suggested as basic data for the estimation of scour depths and design of bridge foundations in the West Coast area.

Analyses on Local-Seasonal Variations of Erosional Properties of Cohesive Sediments in Keum Estuary (금강 하구역 점착성 퇴적물 침식특성의 지엽적·계절적 변화 해석)

  • Yim, Shang Ho;Ryu, Hong-Ryul;Hwang, Kyu-Nam
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.28 no.1B
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    • pp.125-135
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    • 2008
  • The purpose of this study is to quantify the erosion parameters of cohesive sediments in Keum Estuary. This study also involves the examinations on the local/seasonal variation of them in Keum Estuary and on their spatial variation comparing with those of other sites. As erosional properties of cohesive sediments are in general influenced largely by the physico-chemical properties of cohesive sediments themselves, this study also involves the qualitative analyses on the impact by the physico-chemical properties. Erosion tests have been performed under the uniform bed condition using the Chonbuk annular flume and total 16 tests have been carried out with various bed densities and bottom shear stresses. Experimental results show that the critical shear stress for erosion varies in the range of $0.19{\sim}0.41N/m^2$ and the coefficient of erosion rate varies in the range of $54.26{\sim}7.70mg/cm^2{\cdot}hr$, over the corresponding bulk-density range of $1.14{\sim}1.38g/cm^3$. While erosion parameters estimated for Keum estuary sediments are found to be remarkably different in quantity compared with those for cohesive sediments from other sites, their local/seasonal variabilities within Keum Estuary are found to be insignificant.