• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국항해항만학회 2012년도 추계학술대회
• /
• pp.117-118
• /
• 2012

수로데이터 기술표준이 S-57에서 S-100으로 변경됨에 따라 국가 해사안전정보 제공기관은 차세대 전자해도 뿐만 아니라 다양한 해사안전정보를 제공할 수 있는 표준화 체계가 마련되었다. S-57 전자해도를 표시하고 항해지원 기능을 제공하는 ECDIS는 S-100 표준의 출현으로 신규 표준에 대한 고려가 요구되며, 이를 통해 S-10X 데이터 및 e-Nav 정보가 운용 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구에서는 S-100 기반 항해지원시스템 설계를 위해 S-100 표준기술의 운용 메카니즘을 분석하고 이를 기반으로 설계 세부 결과를 수로데이터 로딩 모듈, SENC 표현 모듈, 항해지원 모듈로 구분하여 정리 하였다. 본 시스템의 입력 자료로 예상되는 S-10X 데이터는 차세대 전자해도, 해저지형 그리드 데이터, 전자항해서지 등을 반영 하였다.

• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• 제30권6호
• /
• pp.337-342
• /
• 2014

The reduction of drag torque is an important research issue in terms of improving transmission efficiency. Drag torque in a wet clutch occurs because of the viscous drag generated by the transmission fluid in a narrow gap (clearance) between the friction plate and a separate plate. The objective of this paper is to observe the effects of the friction plate area and the clearance on the drag torque using finite element simulation. The two-phase flow of air and oil fluid is considered and modeled for the simulation. The simulation analysis reveals that as the rotational speed increases, the drag torque generally increases to a critical point and then decreases sharply at a high speed regime. The clearance between the two plates plays an important role in controlling drag torque peak. An increase in the clearance causes a decrease in shear stress; thus, the drag torque also decreases according to Newton's law of viscosity. An observation of the effect of the area of contact between transmission fluid and friction plate shows that the drag torque increases with the contact area. The flow vectors inside the flow channel present clear evidence that the velocity of the fluid flows is faster with a larger friction plate, that is, in the case of a larger contact area. Therefore, the optimum size of the friction plate should be determined carefully, considering both the clutch performance and drag reduction. It is expected that the results from this study can be very useful as a database for clutch design and to predict the drag torque for the initial design with respect to various clutch parameters.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
• /
• 제54권8호
• /
• pp.607-616
• /
• 2021

본 연구는 가는 모래로 이루어진 하상으로부터 침식된 부유사의 농도분포 계산결과에 차폐효과가 미치는 영향을 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 수행되었다. 하상재료의 입도분포를 고려하여 침식율을 산정할 수 있는 유사이동 모형을 개발하였으며, 측정자료와의 비교를 통해 수치모형의 적용가능성을 검토하였다. 수치모의결과로부터 하상재료 입도분포의 기하표준편차가 1.5보다 작은 경우 차폐효과가 부유사 농도의 연직방향 분포 계산결과에 미치는 영향은 매우 작은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 기하표준편차가 1.5이하인 가는 모래로 이루어진 하상으로부터 침식된 유사 농도를 계산하는 경우, 균일사로 가정 후 대표입경을 바탕으로 농도를 산정하여도 합리적인 결과가 얻어지는 것으로 확인되었다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제30권4호
• /
• pp.373-382
• /
• 2022

Unsaturated soil at high suctions is widespread. Many civil engineering projects are related to the hydro-mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils at high suctions, particularly in arid and semiarid areas. To investigate water retention behaviors of nine clayey soils (one is classified as fat clay and the others are classified as lean clay according to the unified soil classification system), the high suction (3.29-286.7 MPa) was imposed on the specimens at zero net stress by the vapor equilibrium technique. In this paper, the effect of void ratio on the water retention behavior at high suction was discussed in detail. Validation data showed that soil types, i.e., different mineralogical compositions, are critical in the soil water retention behavior at a high suction range. Second, the hysteresis behavior at a high suction range is mainly related to the clay content and the specific surface area. And the mechanism of water retention and hysteresis behavior at high suctions was discussed. Moreover, the maximum suction is not a unique value, and it is crucial to determine the maximum suction value accurately, especially for the shear strength prediction at high suctions. If the soil consists of hydrophilic minerals such as montmorillonite and illite, the maximum suction will be lower than 10⁶ kPa. Finally, using the area of hysteresis to quantify the degree of hysteresis at a high suction range is proposed. There was a good correlation between the area of hydraulic hysteresis and the specific surface area.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제35권1호
• /
• pp.55-66
• /
• 2022

Tall buildings are often subjected to steady and unsteady forces due to external wind flows. Measurement and mitigation of these forces becomes critical to structural design in engineering applications. Over the last few decades, many approaches such as modification of the external geometry of structures have been investigated to mitigate wind-induced load. One such proven geometric modification involved the rounding of sharp corners. In this work, we systematically analyze the impact of rounded corner radii on the reducing the flow-induced loading on a square cylinder. We perform 3-Dimensional (3D) simulations for high Reynolds number flows (Re=1 × 105) which are more likely to be encountered in practical applications. An Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (IDDES) method capable of capturing flow accurately at large Reynolds numbers is employed in this study. The IDDES formulation uses a k-ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) model for near-wall modelling that prevents mesh-induced separation of the boundary layer. The effects of these corner modifications are analyzed in terms of the resulting variations in the mean and fluctuating components of the aerodynamic forces compared to a square cylinder with no geometric changes. Plots of the angular distribution of the mean and fluctuating coefficient of pressure along the square cylinder's surface illustrate the effects of corner modifications on the different parts of the cylinder. The windward corner's separation angle was observed to decrease with an increase in radius, resulting in a narrower and longer recirculation region. Furthermore, with an increase in radius, a reduction in the fluctuating lift, mean drag, and fluctuating drag coefficients has been observed.

• ALGAE
• /
• 제39권2호
• /
• pp.109-127
• /
• 2024

High production and efficient harvesting of microalgae containing high omega-3 levels are critical concerns for industrial use. Aeration can elevate production of some microalgae by providing CO₂ and O₂. However, it may lower the production of others by generating shear stress, causing severe cell damage. The mixotrophic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium smaydae is a new, promising microalga for omega-3 fatty acid production owing to its high docosahexaenoic acid content, and determining optimal conditions and methods for high omega-3 fatty acid production and efficient harvest using G. smaydae is crucial for its commercial utilization. Therefore, to determine whether continuous aeration is required, we measured densities of G. smaydae and the dinoflagellate prey Heterocapsa rotundata in a 100-L semi-continuous cultivation system under no aeration and continuous aeration conditions daily for 9 days. Furthermore, to determine the optimal conditions for harvesting through centrifugation, different rotational speeds of the continuous centrifuge and different flow rates of the pump injecting G. smaydae + H. rotundata cells into the centrifuge were tested. Under continuous aeration, G. smaydae production gradually decreased; however, without aeration, the production remained stable. Harvesting efficiency and the dry weights of omega-3 fatty acids of G. smaydae + H. rotundata cells at a rotational speed of 16,000 rpm were significantly higher than those at 2,000-8,000 rpm. However, these parameters did not significantly differ at injection pump flow rates of 1.0-4.0 L min^-1. The results of the present study provide a basis for optimized production and harvest conditions for G. smaydae and other microalgae.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제52권6호
• /
• pp.621-626
• /
• 2024

The work researched the application of artificial intelligence to the design and analysis of advanced nanoplates, with a particular emphasis on size and surface effects. Employing an integrated theoretical framework, this study developed a more accurate model of complex nanoplate behavior. The following analysis considers nanoplates embedded in a Pasternak viscoelastic fractional foundation and represents the important step in understanding how nanoscale structures may respond under dynamic loads. Surface effects, significant for nanoscale, are included through the Gurtin-Murdoch theory in order to better describe the influence of surface stresses on the overall behavior of nanoplates. In the present analysis, the modified couple stress theory is utilized to capture the size-dependent behavior of nanoplates, while the Kelvin-Voigt model has been incorporated to realistically simulate the structural damping and energy dissipation. This paper will take a holistic approach in using sinusoidal shear deformation theory for the accurate replication of complex interactions within the nano-structure system. Addressing different aspectsof the dynamic behavior by considering the length scale parameter of the material, this work aims at establishing which one of the factors imposes the most influence on the nanostructure response. Besides, the surface stresses that become increasingly critical in nanoscale dimensions are considered in depth. AI algorithms subsequently improve the prediction of the mechanical response by incorporating other phenomena, including surface energy, material inhomogeneity, and size-dependent properties. In these AI- enhanced solutions, the improvement of precision becomes considerable compared to the classical solution methods and hence offers new insights into the mechanical performance of nanoplates when applied in nanotechnology and materials science.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.5-13
• /
• 2015

해일에 의한 바닷물의 월류는 방조제 구조물에 피해를 유발시킨다. 지금까지 발생된 마운드 형태 방조제의 파괴 유형 조사 결과, 육지 쪽 마루부 파손과 선단부의 세굴이 대표적인 파괴 사례로 지목되었다. 이와 같은 파괴를 유발하는 가장 큰 원인은 월류에 의해 발생된 압력과 유속이다. 본 연구에서는 에너지 관점에서 마운드 형태 방조제에서 압력과 유속을 산정할 수 있는 이론해를 제안하고 검증하였다. 이를 위해 방조제 마루부와 선단부에 흐름을 유사정적비회전류로 보고 동심원유선이 형성된다고 가정하였다. 한계흐름조건과 베르누이정리를 이용하여 방조제 마루부와 배면 선단부에서의 작용하는 압력 및 유속 산정식을 유도하였다. 이들 식을 이용하여 동심원유선 및 월류고를 가정하여 마루부와 선단부에서 압력과 유속을 산정하였다. 그 결과 마루부에서는 부의 압력이 선단부에서는 양의 압력이 각각 크게 작용하는 것으로 나타났으며 유속에 의한 전단응력도 작용하는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 제안된 이론해의 적용 한계에 대한 고찰도 이루어졌다.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
• /
• 제26권5호
• /
• pp.533-549
• /
• 2024

일반적으로 토압식(earth pressure balance) 쉴드 TBM (tunnel boring machine)으로 지반 굴착 시 쏘일 컨디셔닝(soil conditioning)을 수행하여 굴착 효율성을 높이고 안정성을 도모한다. 지반 여건에 따른 최적의 첨가제 주입 조건을 결정하기 위해 컨디셔닝된 흙의 유동학적 특성을 정량적으로 파악하는 것이 중요하며, 이는 주로 유동계(rheometer)를 활용하여 이루어진다. 그러나 이는 실제 TBM에서 굴착토가 배토되는 과정을 모사할 수 없어 장비에 미치는 영향을 파악하는데 한계가 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 8 m급 토압식 쉴드 TBM의 챔버와 스크류 컨베이어(screw conveyor)를 1:20으로 축소시킨 모형 장비를 개발하여 실제 배토 과정을 모사하였다. 이를 위해 인공 사질토 시료를 대상으로 첨가제로 폼과 폴리머를 사용하여 축소모형시험을 수행하였다. 실험 결과, 스크류 토크는 기존에 수행한 실내 가압 베인전단시험 결과 데이터와 연계하여 항복응력과의 경향성이 일관되는 것을 확인하였으며, 스크류 토크와 항복응력 사이의 양의 비례관계를 도출하였다. 폼 주입비(foam injection ratio, FIR)에 따른 배토 효율은 전반적으로 유사한 경향을 보였으나 60% 일 때 미소하게 감소하였으며 폴리머를 첨가하면 효율이 떨어지는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 실제 토압식 쉴드 TBM과 동일하게 챔버 상, 하부에서 압력차가 발생하는 것과 스크류 컨베이어 케이싱을 따라 배토구로 갈수록 압력이 점진적으로 소산되는 과정을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 제작한 축소모형시험 장비가 굴착토의 전단특성 및 배토 효율 평가에 활용될 수 있음을 보여준다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제21권5호
• /
• pp.433-445
• /
• 2020

The weakening and softening behavior of soft clay subjected to cyclic loading due to the build-up of excess pore water pressure is well-known. During the design stage of the foundation of highways and coastal high-rise buildings, it is important to study the mechanical behavior of marine soils under cyclic loading as they undergo greater settlement during cyclic loading than under static loading. Therefore, this research evaluates the cyclic stress-strain and shear strength of untreated and treated marine clay under the effects of wind, earthquake, and traffic loadings. A series of laboratory stress-controlled cyclic triaxial tests have been conducted on both untreated and treated marine clay using different effective confining pressures and a frequency of 0.5 and 1.0 Hz. In addition, treated samples were cured for 28 and 90 days and tested under a frequency of 2.0 Hz. The results revealed significant differences in the performance of treated marine clay samples than that of untreated samples under cyclic loading. The treated marine clay samples were able to stand up to 2000 loading cycles before failure, while untreated marine clay samples could not stand few loading cycles. The untreated marine clay displayed a higher permanent axial strain rate under cyclic loading than the treated clay due to the existence of new cementing compounds after the treatment with recycled tiles and low amount (2%) of cement. The effect of the effective confining pressure was found to be significant on untreated marine clay while its effect was not crucial for the treated samples cured for 90 days. Treated samples cured for 90 days performed better under cyclic loading than the ones cured for 28 days and this is due to the higher amount of cementitious compounds formed with time. The highest deformation was found at 0.5 Hz, which cannot be considered as a critical frequency since smaller frequencies were not used. Therefore, it is recommended to consider testing the treated marine clay using smaller frequencies than 0.5 Hz.