• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.28-34
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• 2007

The heating unit of direct heating method manufactured as the plasma spray coating of $TiO_2/NiCr$ conductive heating material on the surface of heating unit in order to improve the disadvantages of indirect heating method. $TiO_2$ and NiCr (80wt.%Ni-20wt.%Cr) that had the properties of conduction and heating was chosen for the conductive heating material. The compositions of the composite powders were studied $TiO_2-30wt.%NiCr\;and\;TiO_2-10wt.%NiCr$. As the heating temperature was increased, the hardness of heating layer was increased because of the fine microstructure and the decrease of porosity. The adhesion strength was decreased for coarsening and connection of voids in the insulation layer, and the electrical resistivity of heating layer was increased for fine crack formation and growth. In this study, the best efficient sprayed coatings with heating unit was concluded as the plasma sprayed $TiO_2-10wt.%NiCr$ coatings that was heat treated at $300^{\circ}C$.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.84-93
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• 1988

The on-line detection of the chip flow is one of the most important technologies in com- pletly automatic operation of machine tool, such as FMS and Unmanned Factories. This problem has been studied by many researchers, however, it is not solved as yet. For the recognition of chip flow in this study, the dynamic cutting force components due to the chip breaking were measured by dynamometer of piezo-electric type, and the frequency components of cutting force were also analyzed. From the measured results, the effect of cutting conditions and tool geometry on the dynamic cutting force component and chip formation were investigated in addition to the relationships between frequency of chip breaking (fB) and side serrated crack (fC) of chip. As a result, the following conclusions were obtaianed. 1) The chip formations have a large effect on the dynamic cutting force components. When chip breaking takes place, the dynamic cutting force component greatly increases, and the peridoic components appear, which correspond to maximum peak- frequency. 2) The crater wear of tool has a good effect on the chip control causing the chiup to be formed as upward-curl shape. In this case, the dymamic cutting force component greatly increases also 3) fB and fC of chip are closely corelated, and fC of chips has a large effect on the change of the situation of chip flow and dynamic cutting force component. 4) Under wide cutting conditions, the limit value (1.0 kgf) of dynamic cutting force component exists between the broken and continuous chips. Accordingly, this value is suitable for recognition of chip flow in on-line control of the cutting process.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.31.1-31.9
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• 2019

Objectives: To compare the formation of dentinal defects using stainless-steel hand K-files (HFs), rotary files, reciprocating files, and Self-Adjusting File (SAF), when used for oval root canals. Materials and Methods: One hundred and forty extracted human mandibular premolar with single root and oval canal were selected for this study. Oval canals were confirmed by exposing to mesio-distal and bucco-lingual radiographs. Teeth with open apices or anatomic irregularities were excluded. All selected teeth were de-coronated perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth, leaving roots segments approximately of 16 mm in length. Twenty teeth were left unprepared (control), and the remaining 120 teeth were divided into 6 groups (n = 20) and instrumented using HF (size 40/0.02), Revo-S (RS; size 40/0.06), ProTaper NEXT (PTN; size 40/0.06), WaveOne (WO; size 40/0.09), RECIPROC (RC; size 40/0.06), and the SAF (2 mm). Roots were then sectioned 3, 6, and 9 mm from the apex, and observed under stereomicroscope, for presence of dentinal defects. "No defect" was defined as root dentin that presented with no visible microcracks or fractures. "Defect" was defined by microcracks or fractures in the root dentin. Results: The control, HF, and SAF did not exhibit any dentinal defects. In roots instrumented by RS, PTN, WO, and RC files exhibited microcracks (incomplete or complete) in 40%, 30%, 55%, and 50%, respectively. Conclusions: The motor-driven root canal instrumentation with rotary and reciprocating files may create microcracks in radicular dentine, whereas the stainless-steel hand file instrumentation, and the SAF produce minimal or less cracks.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제47권9호
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• pp.542-549
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• 2009

Zr-based amorphous alloy matrix composites reinforced with tantalum continuous fibers were fabricated by the liquid pressing process, and their anisotropic mechanical properties were investigated by tensile and compressive tests of $0^{\circ}$(longitudinal)-, $45^{\circ}$-, and $90^{\circ}$(transverse)-orientation specimens. About 60 vol.% of tantalum fibers were homogeneously distributed inside the amorphous matrix, which contained a small amount of polygonal crystalline particles. The ductility of the tantalum-continuous-fiber-reinforced composite under tensile or compressive loading was dramatically improved over that of the monolithic amorphous alloy, while maintaining high strength. When the fiber direction was not matched with the loading direction, the reduction of the strength and ductility was not serious because of excellent fiber/matrix interfacial strength. Observation of the anisotropic deformation and fracture behavior showed the formation of multiple shear bands, the obstruction of crack propagation by fibers, and the deformation of fibers themselves, thereby resulting in tensile elongation of 3%~4% and compressive elongation of 15%~30%. These results suggest that the liquid pressing process was useful for the development of amorphous matrix composites with excellent ductility and anisotropic mechanical properties.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제50권10호
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• pp.735-743
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the cooling rate after heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 2507 duplex stainless steels. Heat treatment was carried out at $1050^{\circ}C$ for 1 hr, followed by controlled cooling. The cooling rates were $175.6{\times}10^{-3}^{\circ}C/s$, $47.8{\times}10^{-3}^{\circ}C/s$, $33.3{\times}10^{-3}^{\circ}C/s$, $16.7{\times}10^{-3}^{\circ}C/s$, $11.7{\times}10^{-3}^{\circ}C/s$, $5.8{\times}10^{-3}^{\circ}C/s$ and $2.8{\times}10^{-3}^{\circ}C/s$, which resulted in variations of the microstructure, such as the fractional change of the ferrite phase and sigma phase formation. Fatigue, hardness, impact and tensile tests were performed on the specimens with different cooling rates. The precipitation of the ${\sigma}$ phase caused a hardness increase and a sharp decrease of toughness and tensile elongation. The fatigue limit of the sample with a cooling rate of $5.8{\times}10^{-3}^{\circ}C/s$ was 26 MPa higher than that of the sample with a cooling rate of $175.6{\times}10^{-3}^{\circ}C/s$. Our observations of the fracture surface confirmed that the higher fatigue resistance of the specimen with a cooling rate of $5.8{\times}10^{-3}^{\circ}C/s$ was caused by the delay of the fatigue crack growth, in addition to higher yield strength.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제50권9호
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• pp.697-702
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• 2012

In this study, unidirectional and plain woven carbon fiber reinforced magnesium matrix composite laminates were fabricated by the liquid pressing infiltration process, and evolutions of the microstructure and compressive strength of the composite laminates under corrosion were investigated by static immersion tests. In the case of the unidirectional composite laminate, the main microstructural damage during immersion appeared as a form of corrosion induced cracks, which were formed at both CF/Mg interfaces and the interfaces between layers. On the otherhand, wrap/fill interface cracks were mainly formed in the plain woven composite laminate, without any cracks at the CF/Mg interface. The formation of these cracks was considered to be associated with internal thermal residual stress, which was generated during cooling after the fabrication process of these materials. As a consequence of the corrosion induced cracks, the thickness of both laminates increased in directions vertical to the fibers with increasing immersion time. With increasing immersion time, the compressive strengths of both composite laminates also decreased continuously. It was found that the plain woven composite laminates have superior corrosion resistance and stability under a corrosive condition than unidirectional laminates.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.28-38
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• 2010

High temperature high cycle and low cycle fatigue deformation behavior of automotive heat resistant aluminum alloys (A356 and A319 based) were investigated in this study. The microstructures of both alloys were composed of primary Al-Si dendrite and eutectic Si phase. However, the size and distribution for eutectic Si phase varied: a coarse and inhomogeneous distributed was observed in alloy B (A319 based). A brittle intermethallic phase of ${\alpha}-Fe\;Al_{12}(Fe,Mn)_3Si_2$ was detected only in B alloy. Alloy B exhibited high fatigue life only under a high stress amplitued condition in the high cycle fatigue results, whereas alloy A showed high fatigue life when stress was lowered. With regard to the low-cycle fatigue result ($250^{\circ}C$) showing higher fatigue life as ductility increased, alloy A demonstrated higher fatigue life under all of the strain amplitude conditions. Fractographic observations showed that large porosities and pores near the outside surface could be the main factor in the formation of fatigue cracks. In alloy B. micro-cracks were formed in both the brittle intermetallic and coarse Si phasese. These micro-cracks then coalesced together and provided a path for fatigue crack propagation. From the observation of the differences in microstructure and fractography of these two automotive alloys, the authors attempt to explain the high-temperature fatigue deformation behavior of heat resistant aluminum alloys.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.93-102
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• 2022

In this study, limestone powder (LS) and fly ash (FA) were used as powder materials in self-compacting concrete (SCC) in increasing quantities in addition to cement, so that the two powders commonly used in the production of SCC could be compared in the same study. Considering the reduction of the maximum aggregate size in SCC, 10 mm or 16 mm was selected as the coarse aggregate size. The properties of fresh concrete were determined by slump flow (including T₅₀₀ time), V-funnel and J-ring experiments. The experimental results showed that as the amount of both LS and FA increased, the slump flow also increased. The increase in powder material had a negative effect on V-funnel flow times, causing it to increase; however, the increase in FA concretes was smaller compared to LS ones. The increase in the powder content reduced the amount of blockage in the J-ring test for both aggregate sizes. As the hardened concrete properties, the compressive and splitting strengths as well as the modulus of elasticity were determined. Longitudinal and transverse deformations were measured by attaching a special frame to the cylindrical specimens and the values of Poisson's ratio, initiation and critical stresses were obtained. Despite having a similar W/C ratio, all SCC exhibited higher compressive strength than NVC. Compressive strength increased with increasing powder content for both LS and FA; however, the increase of the FA was higher than the LS due to the pozzolanic effect. SCC with a coarse aggregate size of 16 mm showed higher strength than 10 mm for both powders. Similarly, the modulus of elasticity increased with the amount of powder material. Inelastic properties, which are rarely found in the literature for SCC, were determined by measuring the initial and critical stresses. Crack formation in SCC begins under lower stresses (corresponding to lower initial stresses) than in normal concretes, while critical stresses indicate a more brittle behavior by taking higher values.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.74-93
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• 2019

함안 용산리 함안층 새발자국 화석산지(천연기념물 제222호)에서는 Koreanaornis hamanensis와 Jindongornipes kimi로 명명된 두 종의 새발자국이 발견되었으며, 용각류 발자국과 생흔화석 Cochlichnus도 보고되었다. 특히 Koreanaornis hamanensis는 세계에서 두 번째로 기록된 새발자국 화석종으로 학술적 가치가 매우 뛰어나다. 이 일대는 구들장용 판석의 채석장이었으며, 1969년에 세계적 희귀 화석지로 알려지면서 크게 훼손되어, 현재는 지정 당시의 25% 정도가 잔존한다. 함안층은 경상누층군의 하양층군에 속하며 주로 적회색의 미사암과 흑색의 이암이 교호하는 암상을 보인다. 미사암과 이암의 경계는 점이적이며, 연흔과 건열 등의 퇴적 구조가 뚜렷하다. 연구 지역의 퇴적암은 퇴적순서와 구조 및 암상에 따라 총 7개의 지층으로 구분되며, 새발자국 화석은 최상부층에서 나타난다. 비파괴 손상도 평가 결과, 화학적 생물학적 손상은 7개 지층에서 모두 매우 낮게 나타났다. 물리적 손상도의 경우 박락 0.49%, 박리 0.04%, 탈락 0.28%로 매우 낮은 손상률을 보였다. 그러나 절리 등 불연속면의 균열지수는 6.20으로 비교적 높으며, 배면과 북서측의 표면은 하등생물의 피복이 심하여 지층의 단면을 중심으로 염에 의한 백화현상이 관찰된다. 화석산지의 초음파 물성은 전반적으로 중간풍화단계(MW)를 보였다. 특히 공룡발자국이 있는 남서측 부근이 상대적으로 신선하며, 보호각 기둥 주위로 풍화가 진전된 양상을 보였다. 이 화석산지에 발달한 불연속면은 5종류로서 가장 높은 점유율을 보이는 불연속면은 층리면이다. 평사투영으로 사면의 안정성을 분석한 결과, 평면 및 쐐기파괴에는 안정적이지만 전도파괴의 가능성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이 화석산지의 종합적인 손상 정도 및 안정성은 양호한 것으로 판단되나, 화석층의 물리화학적 풍화와 보호각 기둥과 접하는 모르타르의 백화현상 등은 제어하기 어려운 상태로 보여, 지속적인 모니터링과 보존처리 및 관리가 수행되어야 할 것이다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.103-113
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• 2017

고강도 콘크리트를 사용한 기초 부재의 수화열 제어를 위하여 지연형과 표준형 콘크리트 배합설계를 제안하고, 합리적인 타설 높이 구현이 가능하도록 유한요소해석을 실시하였다. 또한, 실물 실험을 통하여 해석결과와 비교하여 온도응력 저감 효과를 평가하였다. $6.5m{\times}6.5m{\times}3.5m$ 크기의 대형 부재에 지연형 및 표준형 콘크리트를 수평분할 타설한 결과, 최고온도 $77^{\circ}C$에서 중심부와 표면부의 온도차를 $25^{\circ}C$ 이내로 관리가 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 유한요소해석에 의한 온도균열지수가 1.49로 나타나 온도균열에 발생하지 않는 것으로 예측되었다. 지연형 및 표준형 콘크리트의 수평분할 타설이 고강도 매스콘크리트의 수화열에 의한 온도 응력 해소에 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.