• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.17-32
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• 2018

The need for seawater desalination is increasing in terms of securing various water resources, but few studies are available as for the environmental impact of hypersaline concentrated water (brine) discharged from desalination plants. Domestic studies are concentrated mainly on toxicity evaluation that phytoplankton, zooplankton larvae and green algae (Ulva pertusa) are negatively affected by concentrated water. The mortality of Paralichthys olivaceus showed a linear relationship with increasing salinity, and Oryzias latipes died 100% at concentrations above 60 psu. Foreign studies included monitoring cases as well as toxicity evaluations. The number of species decreased around the area where the concentrated water discharged. The hypersaline concentrated water affects the pelagic and benthic organisms. However, the fishes escaped when exposed to salinity, and the pelagic and benthic organisms resistant to salinity survived the hypersaline environment. The salinity limit and distance from the outlet was presented as the regulatory standard for bine discharge. There were differences in regulatory standards among country and seawater desalination plants, and these regulatory standards have been strengthened recently. In particular, California Water Boards were revised to ensure that the maximum daily salinity concentration does not exceed 2 psu above the ambient salinity level within 100 m of the outlet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.131-143
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• 2005

This study is performed to examine the meal management attitudes of housewives who had elementary schoolchildren in the remote rural areas(RA: n = 318, $37.2{\pm}0.3$ years of age) in comparison to those in their vicinity urban area(UA: n = 349, $36.9{\pm}0.2$ years of age) in the Chungnam province in Korea. The subjects were asked to fill out the questionnaire on their attitudes of meal management for their families. The results obtained in this study were as followings: (1) Most husbands of the subjects had a farming job in the RA while they had salaried workers in the UA(p<0.001). Education levels of both subjects and their husbands were lower in the RA than in the UA. Nuclear families were dominated by both groups, however single parent-family and step parent-family were more prevalent in the RA than in the UA. (2) in terms of ways of getting foods such as grains, meats, eggs, vegetables and fruits, the RA housewives relied more often on self-production than did the UA housewives(p<0.001). (3) The frequency of purchasing unprocessed foods was lower in the RA than in the UA(p<0.001). The RA housewives purchased the convenient foods such as instant noodles(p<0.05), ready to eatsoups(p<0.001), retort pouch foods(p<0.05) and instant teas(p<0.05) more frequently than did the UA housewives, while tuna, canned in oil(p<0.01), milk and their products(p<0.001), soybean products(p<0.001) and snacks(p<0.01) were purchased less often by the RA housewives. (4) Family members except housewives engaged more often in meal preparation in the RA than did those in the UA(p<0.001), which was more strongly observed for dinner. The time spent in preparing the dinner was shorter in the RA than in the UA(p<0.001). (5) The degrees of endeavor to provide the subjects' offspring with balanced meal(p<0.001) and nutrition education(p<0.01) were lower in the RA than in the UA. The RA housewives had more difficulty for performing meal management because of 'over work-related fatigue', 'insufficient money to purchase foods' and 'far distance from grocery' than the UA housewives(p<0.001). The RA housewives had lower score on nutritional knowledge(p<0.001) and wanted more strongly nutritional knowledge to improve the quality of family's meal than did the UA housewives(p<0.01). Therefore, the RA housewives had various problems regarding meal management such as 'over work related to fatigue', 'food-purchasing inconvenience', 'low economic status of family' and 'lack of nutritional knowledge'. As a consequence the RA housewives relied on cheap convenient foods more often in order to prepare the meal easily than did the UA housewives. These findings emphasize the need in the RA for nutrition education for housewives and a range of nutrition policies that focus upon the social and economic determinants of food choice within families to improve the nutritional status of the RA residents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.393-398
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• 2007

According to the Korean datum change to a world geodetic system, the EDM area should be readjusted to provide consistent product over the country. The data set for EDM area is extracted from the previous KTN1987 DB and checked for the moved markers in XY network adjustment which provides quality verification. Then, EDM data set for the seven areas are rebuilt for the adjustment. Since the data is still based on the old datum, the coordinates of the data are transformed by applying the coordinate transformation parameters. Here, the transformation parameters, which were determined for the conversion of 1:50,000 topographic maps by NGII, were used. For each EDM point, the geoidal height from EGM96 model is applied to obtain the ellipsoidal height based on the GRS80. The measured distance projected onto GRS80 is adjusted using BL network adjustment by fixing 2nd order or 3rd order GPS control points. The results from the readjustment show the minimum standard error of 1.37" and the maximum standard error of 2.13". Considering the measurement accuracy of EDM (1.6" corresponding to about 2cm) and GPS position for fixed points (2cm), this result is considered to be reasonable and it is good for the practical use.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.5D
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• pp.473-481
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• 2012

Demand of Natural Gas (NG) consumption is continuously increasing by long service life and low environmental impact than other fossil fuels. Because of this reasons, Gas wells exploration and huge LNG plant construction project are being boosted world-widely. Especially, overseas NG pipe-line projects are emerging by considering safe and efficiency at the inter-country sections. At the same time, Korean contractors are being achieved to record-breaking performance at 2011's overseas construction market and 80% of new-record was attained from overseas plant construction projects. Nevertheless, Korean contractors are behind than overseas leading contractors by geographical distance from gas wells and concentrated demand for storage plant. In these reasons, this paper aims to develop the standardized business process model(BPM) for overseas NG pipe-line project at project planning phase to support the project entry. To this aim, first of all, extract the BPM through the broad literature and overseas construction market review and domestic/overseas pipe-line project analysis. Second, Test-bed was performed to confirm of practical applicability by 4 experts. And then 15 experts survey were performed to validate the usability and effectiveness of BPM for overseas NG pipe-line project. Consequently, if Korean contractors are using this BPM with their own know-how and experiences, it will be returned to more reasonable and rational references for decision making in overseas NG pipe-line project.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.19-40
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• 2019

Ports have been facing the adverse impacts of the global recession. In terms of imports, with a vast consumption hinterland, the Incheon Port has developed as the metropolitan's gateway. Additionally, the port's exports to China has been increasing due to a consistent increase in the demand of cold chain foods in the country. Considering the short distance between the Incheon Port and the ports in Northern China, the Incheon Port can serve as a logistics hub and a distribution center for exporting processed foodstuffs to China. The establishment of a cold chain logistics system at the Incheon Port will prove to be a robust strategy. After reviewing studies and interviews from various departments, this study suggested strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) facing the Incheon Port, based on a SWOT analysis; it also recommended competitive strategies for the port. Additionally, the study used the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to identify important factors such as the infrastructural, operational, cost, and technology factors. This study identified the infrastructural factor to be highly critical to the activation of the Incheon Port's cold chain system. Based on the results, the study proposed policies and strategy directions.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.297-315
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• 2012

In this paper, we explore the effects of export insurance on the Korea's export by using the gravity model with the data of 112 countries that Korea exports on years of 2005 and 2009. For this model, we used the Korea export as a dependent variables and real GDP, distance between the two nations, export insurance, country credit rating of the Korea's counterpart countries and FTA were used as an independent variables. The results show that the underwriting performance of the export insurance and the sovereign credit rating of the export counterpart countries have the positive impact on Korea's export. Also, the impact of the export insurance is more increasing to the Korea exportation but the importance of the economy size of the export counterpart countries decreased after 2008 global financial crisis. Particularly, the influence to the export by the sovereign credit rating has diminished in that period and this seems to be due to the export insurance has increased. These results imply that the export insurance plays an important role to promote the Korea's exportation since 2008 global recession. Especially, if the recession continues, then there will be more crippling impact to the small-mid size companies rather than large size companies. Therefore, Korea government should do their best to continuously expand the export insurance for the purpose of increasing Korea exportation, expecially to the small-mid size companies.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.83-96
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• 2018

The improvement in logistics competitiveness is the key element of corporate competitiveness in the era of severe competition among companies and high oil prices due to globalization. For this reason, this study analyzed the effect of transportation mode selection factors of Indonesian export companies on the logistic performance in accordance with the logistics environment. The results of the analysis show that only the cargo characteristics, which are the transportation mode selection factor of export companies, had a significant effect on logistics; the services, time, and expenses, on the other hand, had no effect on logistics performances. This result reflects the poor logistic infrastructure of Indonesia. While the export company considers service, time, and expenses when choosing transportation mode, it had no effect on logistic performances due to poor logistic infrastructure. The poor logistic infrastructure of Indonesia has caused a rise in the overall logistic expenses of companies due to excessive transportation time over the transportation distance, unavailability of on-time acceptance and delivery, and increase in the transportation expenses and subsidiary expenses. These are also the factors that decrease the competitiveness of export companies and affect the promotion of the manufacturing industry and foreign investment for the purpose of job creation and industrialization by the Indonesian government. Therefore, the logistics infrastructure must be improved initially. This study determines various points in terms of the logistics infrastructure environment of Indonesia, a developing country, using previous studies and provides their implications.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.278-285
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• 2016

Epidemiological studies have shown the association between transportation of live animals and the potential transmission of infectious disease between premises. This finding was also observed in the 2014-2015 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak in Korea. Furthermore, slaughterhouses played a key role in the global spread of the FMD virus during the epidemic. In this context, in-depth knowledge of the structure of direct and indirect contact between slaughterhouses is paramount for understanding the dynamics of FMD transmission. But the social network structure of vehicle movements to slaughterhouses in Korea remains unclear. Hence, the aim of this study was to configure a social network topology of vehicle movements between slaughterhouses for a better understanding of how they are potentially connected, and to explore whether FMD outbreaks can be explained by the network properties constructed in the study. We created five monthly directed networks based on the frequency and chronology of on- and off-slaughterhouse vehicle movements. For the monthly network, a node represented a slaughterhouse, and an edge (or link) denoted vehicle movement between two slaughterhouses. Movement data were retrieved from the national Korean Animal Health Integrated System (KAHIS) database, which tracks the routes of individual vehicle movements using a global positioning system (GPS). Electronic registration of livestock movements has been a mandatory requirement since 2013 to ensure traceability of such movements. For each of the five studied networks, the network structures were characterized by small-world properties, with a short mean distance, a high clustering coefficient, and a short diameter. In addition, a strongly connected component was observed in each of the created networks, and this giant component included 94.4% to 100% of all network nodes. The characteristic hub-and-spoke type of structure was not identified. Such a structural vulnerability in the network suggests that once an infectious disease (such as FMD) is introduced in a random slaughterhouse within the cohesive component, it can spread to every other slaughterhouse in the component. From an epidemiological perspective, for disease management, empirically derived small-world networks could inform decision-makers on the higher potential for a large FMD epidemic within the livestock industry, and could provide insights into the rapid-transmission dynamics of the disease across long distances, despite a standstill of animal movements during the epidemic, given a single incursion of infection in any slaughterhouse in the country.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.3-18
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• 2018

In this study, I examined capital market shock reaction effects of 29 OECD countries with the past 24 years sample period consisting of daily stock market return using T-GARCH model focused on volatility feedback hypothesis. US daily stock market return is used as a unique independent variable in this model in consideration of its characteristics of biggest market share and as an origin country of Global Financial Crisis. As a result, France, Finland, and Mexico in order are shown to be the strongest countries in the aspect of return spillovers from US. Canada, Mexico, and France are shown to be the highest countries in the aspect of explanatory power of model. The degrees of shock reaction are proved to be higher in order in Germany, Chile, Switzerland, and Denmark and those of downside shock reaction are seen higher in order in Greece, Great Britain, Australia, and Japan. Canada and Mexico belonging to NAFTA are shown to be higher in the return spillover from US and in the model explanatory power, but they are shown to be lower in the impact of shock reaction, suggesting that regional distance effect or gravity theory cannot be applied to financial spillovers any longer. In the analysis of subsample period of Global Financial Crisis, north American three countries do not show any consistent results as in the full sample period but shock reaction in the European countries are shown to record stronger, suggesting that shocks from US in the Crisis Times are transferred mainly to European region.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.413-438
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• 2009

Tourism is an attractive field of industry to many countries due to its strong potentials in increasing employment rates as well as improving the national image. The positive effect of the tourism on the national economy and globalization has been recognized in Korea. A multilateral effort has been made in order to develop its tourist industry. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the patterns of tourism demand in Korea. The present study analyzes and demonstrates the effects of a nation's characteristics on tourism demand. The study model was based on factors that affected tourism demand, especially emphasizing on the economic size, distance, national income, and language differences from the mother country. In particular, this study highlights the effects of economic relations between the countries and their exchange rate on tourism demand. In summary, this thesis demonstrates that actual national and international panel data enhance the credibility of the research and precisely determine factors that have a direct influence on tourism demand. A corresponding strategy of development and products are required as most tourists show the preference in advanced nations.