• Title/Summary/Keyword: Copper Bonding

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Analysis of the Change in Microstructures of Nano Copper Powders During the Hydrogen Reduction using X-ray Diffraction Patterns and Transmission Electron Microscope, and the Mechanical Property of Compacted Powders (X-선 회절 패턴 측정과 투과 전자 현미경을 이용한 구리 나노분말의 수소 환원 처리 시 발생하는 미세조직 변화 및 치밀화 시편의 물성 분석)

  • Ahn, Dong-Hyun;Lee, Dong Jun;Kim, Wooyeol;Park, Lee Ju;Kim, Hyoung Seop
    • Journal of Powder Materials
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    • v.21 no.3
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    • pp.207-214
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    • 2014
  • In this study, nano-scale copper powders were reduction treated in a hydrogen atmosphere at the relatively high temperature of $350^{\circ}C$ in order to eliminate surface oxide layers, which are the main obstacles for fabricating a nano/ultrafine grained bulk parts from the nano-scale powders. The changes in composition and microstructure before and after the hydrogen reduction treatment were evaluated by analyzing X-ray diffraction (XRD) line profile patterns using the convolutional multiple whole profile (CMWP) procedure. In order to confirm the result from the XRD line profile analysis, transmitted electron microscope observations were performed on the specimen of the hydrogen reduction treated powders fabricated using a focused ion beam process. A quasi-statically compacted specimen from the nano-scale powders was produced and Vickers micro-hardness was measured to verify the potential of the powders as the basis for a bulk nano/ultrafine grained material. Although the bonding between particles and the growth in size of the particles occurred, crystallites retained their nano-scale size evaluated using the XRD results. The hardness results demonstrate the usefulness of the powders for a nano/ultrafine grained material, once a good consolidation of powders is achieved.

Research of Diffusion Bonding of Tungsten/Copper and Their Properties under High Heat Flux

  • Li, Jun;Yang, Jianfeng
    • Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2011.05a
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    • pp.14-14
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    • 2011
  • W (tungsten)-alloys will be the most promising plasma facing armor materials in highly loaded plasma interactive components of the next step fusion reactors due to its high melting point, high sputtering resistance and low deuterium/tritium retention. The bonding technology of tungsten to Cu alloy was one of the key issues. In this paper, W/CuCrZr diffusion bonding has been performed successfully by inserting pure metal interlay. The joint microstructure, interfacial elements migration and phase composition were analyzed by SEM, EDS, XRD, and the joint shear strength and micro-hardness were investigated. The mock-ups were fabricated successfully with diffusion bonding and the cladding technology respectively, and the high heat flux test and thermal fatigue test were carried out under actively cooling condition. When Ni foil was used for the bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, two reaction layers, Ni4W and Ni(W) layer, appeared between the tungsten and Ni interlayer with the optimized condition. Even though Ni4W is hard and brittle, and the strength of the joint was oppositely increased (217 MPa) due primarily to extremely small thicknesses (2~3 ${\mu}m$). When Ti foil was selected as the interlayer, the Ti foil diffused quickly with Cu and was transformed into liquid phase at $1,000^{\circ}C$. Almost all of the liquid was extruded out of the interface zone under bonding pressure, and an extremely thin residual layer (1~2 ${\mu}m$) of the liquid phase was retained between the tungsten and CuCrZr, which shear strength exceeded 160 MPa. When Ni/Ti/Ni multiple interlayers were used for bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, a large number of intermetallic compound ($Ni_4W/NiTi_2/NiTi/Ni_3T$) were formed for the interdiffusion among W, Ni and Ti. Therefore, the shear strength of the joint was low and just about 85 MPa. The residual stresses in the clad samples with flat, arc, rectangle and trapezoid interface were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The simulation results show that the flat clad sample was subjected maximum residual stress at the edge of the interface, which could be cracked at the edge and propagated along the interface. As for the rectangle and trapezoid interface, the residual stresses of the interface were lower than that of the flat interface, and the interface of the arc clad sample have lowest residual stress and all of the residual stress with arc interface were divided into different grooved zones, so the probabilities of cracking and propagation were lower than other interfaces. The residual stresses of the mock-ups under high heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The tungsten of the flat interfaces was subjected to tensile stresses (positive $S_x$), and the CuCrZr was subjected to compressive stresses (negative $S_x$). If the interface have a little microcrack, the tungsten of joint was more liable to propagate than the CuCrZr due to the brittle of the tungsten. However, when the flat interface was substituted by arc interfaces, the periodical residual stresses in the joining region were either released or formed a stress field prohibiting the growth or nucleation of the interfacial cracks. Thermal fatigue tests were performed on the mock-ups of flat and arc interface under the heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ with the cooling water velocity of 10 m/s. After thermal cycle experiments, a large number of microcracks appeared at the tungsten substrate due to large radial tensile stress on the flat mock-up. The defects would largely affect the heat transfer capability and the structure reliability of the mock-up. As for the arc mock-up, even though some microcracks were found at the interface of the regions, all microcracks with arc interface were divided into different arc-grooved zones, so the propagation of microcracks is difficult.

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Conservation Treatment and Production Method on the gilt-bronze-and-silver shoes excavated from the Tomb of King Muryeong (무령왕릉 출토 금동은제식리 보존처리 및 제작기법)

  • Jang, Subi;Choi, Deoksoon;Kim, Seonggon;Gwak, Hongin
    • Conservation Science in Museum
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    • v.26
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    • pp.119-142
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    • 2021
  • The gilt-bronze-and-silver shoes, excavated from the Tomb of King Muryeong, revealed many defective parts, which constantly raised in-depth re-investigation and reporting. In that point, scientific treatment and analysis were conducted to investigate the manufacturing techniques applied. The conservation treatment was carried out with an emphasis on the restoration of the original form and joining parts. As a result, the upper part of the right shoe and some part of the back heel were joined, confirming the joining method and the number of rivet used for instep bonding. From the component analysis, it is presumed that the outer plate was gilded with mercury amalgam on pure copper, and pure silver was used for the inner plate. The main pattern of the gilt-bronze-and-silver shoes includes designs of phoenix, lotus, and six-petal flower, while the lotus pattern is high in terms of ratio. Thus, youngnaksa(twisted gilt-bronze thread), geumdongsa(gilt-bronze thread), wondujeong (rivet), and samyeonjeong(quadrangular cleats) were used for bonding each plate. Twisted gilt-bronze thread was used to join the inner and outer plates, while the center and rear of the inner plate were combined with only gilt-bronze threads. From the fact, it is presumed that the joining method was different whether the function was decoration or just bonding. Regarding the manufacturing process, traces of burnishing were confirmed on the outer surface of the gilt-bronze and silver shoes, but no burnishing traces were identified on the inner surface of the silver plate, which is likely to prove more importance put on the finishing of the outer plates rather than that of the inner.

Fabrication and Evaluation of a VHF Focusing Ultrasonic Transducer Made of PVDF Piezoelectric Film (PVDF 압전막을 이용한 초고주파 집속 초음파 트랜스듀서의 제작 및 특성 평가)

  • Yoon, Ju-Ho;Oh, Jung-Hwan;Kim, Jung-Soon;Kim, Moo-Joon;Ha, Kang-Lyeol
    • The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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    • v.30 no.4
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    • pp.215-222
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    • 2011
  • In order to obtain high resolution images, a focusing ultrasonic transducer operated in very high frequency (VHF) range was fabricated and its characteristics were evaluated. A 9-${\mu}m$ thick PVDF film with only one metalized surface for electric ground was adhered to a CCP (Copper-clad polyimide) film by using epoxy. It was pressed by a metal ball to form a concave surface and its rear side was filled with the epoxy. The radius of curvature and the f-number of the fabricated transducer are 7.5 mm and 1.7, respectively. The pulse-echo measurement results from a target located at the focal point showed that the frequency bandwidth was 35.0 MHz and the insertion loss near the peak frequency of approximately 40 MHz was about 60 dB. Those values agreed well with the simulation results by the KLM equivalent circuit analysis including the effect of the epoxy bonding layer. When the image of thin copper lines by the 35 MHz transducer of the UBM (Ultrasonic Backscattering Microscope) system was compared with the image by the transducer fabricated in this study, the fabricated transducer was observed that the axial resolution was improved although the lateral resolution was degraded.

Vacuum Web-coater with High Speed Surface Modification Equipment for fabrication of 300 mm wide Flexible Copper Clad Laminate (FCCL) (초고속 대면적 표면 처리 장치가 부착된 300 mm 폭 연성 동박적층 필림 제작용 진공 웹 코터)

  • Choi, H.W.;Park, D.H.;Kim, J.H.;Choi, W.K.;Sohn, Y.J.;Song, B.S.;Cho, J.;Kim, Y.S.
    • Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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    • v.16 no.2
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    • pp.79-90
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    • 2007
  • Prototype of $800{\ell}$ vacuum web coater (Vic Mama) consisting of ion source with low energy less than 250 eV for high speed surface modification and 4 magnetron sputter cathodes was designed and constructed. Its performance was evaluated through fabricating the adhesiveless flexible copper clad laminate (FCCL). Pumping speed was monitored in both upper noncoating zone pumped down by 2 turbo pumps with 2000 l/sec pumping speed and lower surface modification and sputter zone vacuumed by turbo pumps with 450 1/sec and 1300 1/sec pumping speed respectively. Ion current density, plasma density, and uniformity of ion beam current were measured using Faraday cup and the distribution of magnetic field and erosion efficiency of sputter target were also investigated. With the irradiation of ion beams on polyimide (Kapton-E, $38{\mu}m$) at different fluences, the change of wetting angle of the deionized water to polyimide surface and those of surface chemical bonding were analyzed by wetting anglometer and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. After investigating the deposition rate of Ni-Cr tie layer and Cu layer was investigated with the variations of roll speed and input power to sputter cathode. FCCL fabricated by sputter and electrodeposition method and characterized in terms of the peel strength, thermal and chemical stability.

Aluminum alloys and their joining methods (알루미늄 합금과 그 접합 방법)

  • Jung, Do-hyun;Jung, Jae Pil
    • Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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    • v.25 no.2
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    • pp.9-17
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    • 2018
  • Aluminum (Al) and its alloys have been used widely in a variety of industries such as structural, electronic, aerospace, and particularly automotive industries due to their lightweight characteristic, outstanding ductility, formability, high oxidation and corrosion resistance, and high thermal and electrical conductivity. Al have different kinds of alloys according to the various additional elements system and they should be selected properly depending on their effectiveness and suitability for their particular purpose. The major elements for Al alloys are silicon (Si), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). In order for Al alloys to use for each industry, it is necessary to study of Al to Al joining and/or the Al to dissimilar materials joining to combine the individual parts into one. Many studies on joining technologies about Al to Al and Al to dissimilar materials have been performed such as press joining, bolted joint, welding, soldering, riveting, adhesive bonding, and brazing. This study reviews a variety of Al alloys and their joining method including its principles and properties with recent trends.

Synthesis, Self-assembly, and Catalytic Activity of 1H-Imidazole Amphiphiles

  • Park, Jun-Ha;Kim, Min-Soo;Seo, Sang-Hyuk;Chang, Ji-Young
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.32 no.7
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    • pp.2193-2198
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    • 2011
  • We prepared polycatenar 1H-imidazole amphiphiles having a structure in which a 1H-imidazole head was connected through a benzene ring to a pheny group having two or three oligo(ethylene glycol) chains and studied their supramolecular assembly by fluorescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). When the aqueous solutions of the amphiphiles ($5{\times}10^{-5}M{\sim}10^{-3}M$) were deposited onto a carbon-coated copper grid and dried, twisted structures with diameters of ~200-300 nm were imaged by TEM and AFM. We presume that the structures comprised a chain of the amphiphile dimers formed via successive hydrogen bonding between the 1H of the imidazole group and 3N of the neighboring one. In a solution of pH 4, entangled fibers with diameters of several nanometers were observed by TEM. In a pH 10 solution, film-like aggregates formed exclusively. The 1H-imidazole amphiphiles hydrolyzed tetraethoxysilane to induce gelation to form fibrous and spherical silica structures at neutral pH in aqueous solutions. No silica was formed when imidazole was used instead of the amphiphiles, suggesting that the selfassembled aggregates of the amphiphiles were responsible for the gelation.

Effect of Alkali Surface Modification on Adhesion Strength between Electroless-Plated Cu and Polyimide Films (알카리 표면개질 처리가 무전해 구리 도금피막과 폴리이미드 필름의 접합력에 미치는 효과)

  • Son, Lee-Seul;Lee, Ho-Nyun;Lee, Hong-Kee
    • Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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    • v.45 no.1
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    • pp.8-14
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    • 2012
  • The effects of the alkali surface modification process on the adhesion strength between electroless-plated Cu and polyimide films were investigated. The polyimide surfaces were effectively modified by alkali surface treatments from the hydrophobic to the hydrophilic states, and it was confirmed by the results of the contact angle measurement. The surface roughness increased by alkali surface treatments and the adhesion strength was proportional to the surface roughness. The adhesion strength of Cu/polyimide interface treated by KOH + EDA (Ethylenediamine) was 874 gf/cm which is better than that treated by KOH and KOH + $KMnO_4$. The results of XPS spectra revealed that the alkali treatment formed oxygen functional groups such as carboxyl and amide groups on the polyimide films which is closely related to the interfacial bonding mechanism between electroless-plated Cu and polyimide films. It could be suggested that the species and contents of functional group on polyimide films, surface roughness and contact angle were related with the adhesion strength of Cu/polyimide in combination.

The Effect of Functional Group of Levelers on Through-Silicon-Via filling Performance in Copper Electroplating (구리 전해도금을 이용한 실리콘 관통전극 충전 성능에 대한 평탄제 작용기의 영향)

  • Jin, Sang-Hun;Kim, Seong-Min;Jo, Yu-Geun;Lee, Un-Yeong;Lee, Min-Hyeong
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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    • 2018.06a
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    • pp.80-80
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    • 2018
  • 실리콘 관통전극 (Through Silicon Via, TSV)는 메모리 칩을 적층하여 고밀도의 집적회로를 구현하는 기술로, 기존의 와이어 본딩 (Wire bonding) 기술보다 낮은 소비전력과 빠른 속도가 특징인 3차원 집적기술 중 하나이다. TSV는 일반적으로 도금 공정을 통하여 충전되는데, 고종횡비의 TSV에 결함 없이 구리를 충전하기 위해서 3종의 유기첨가제(억제제, 가속제, 평탄제)가 도금액에 첨가되어야 한다. 이러한 첨가제 중 결함 발생유무에 가장 큰 영향을 주는 첨가제는 평탄제이기 때문에, 본 연구에서는 이미다졸(imidazole) 계열, 이민(imine) 계열, 디아조늄(diazonium) 계열 및 피롤리돈(pyrrolidone) 계열과 같은 평탄제(leveler)의 작용기에 따라 TSV 충전 성능을 조사하였다. TSV 충전 시 관능기의 거동을 규명하기 위해 QCM (quartz crystal microbalance) 및 EQCM (electrochemical QCM)을 사용하여 흡착 정도를 측정하였다. 실험 결과, 디아조늄 계열의 평탄제는 TSV를 결함 없이 충전하였지만 다른 작용기를 갖는 평탄제는 TSV 내 결함이 발생하였다. QCM 분석에서 디아조늄 계열의 평탄제는 낮은 흡착률을 보이지만 EQCM 분석에서는 높은 흡착률을 나타내었다. 즉, 디아조늄 계열의 평탄제는 전기 도금 동안 전류밀도가 집중되는 TSV의 상부 모서리에서 국부적인 흡착을 선호하며 이로 인하여 무결함 충전이 달성된다고 추론할 수 있다.

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Fabrication of coated conductor stacked multi-filamentary wire (적층형 초전도 다심 선재 제조)

  • Yun, K.S.;Ha, H.S.;Oh, S.S.;Moon, S.H.;Kim, C.J.
    • Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.4-7
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    • 2012
  • Coated conductors have been developed to increase piece length and critical current for electric power applications. Otherwise, Many efforts were carried out to reduce AC loss of coated conductor for AC applications. Twisting and cabling processes are effective to reduce AC loss but, these processes can not be applied for tape shaped coated conductor. It is inevitable to have thin rectangular shape because coated conductor is fabricated by thin film deposition process on metal substrate. In this study, round shape superconducting wire was first fabricated using coated conductors. First of all, Ag coated conductor was used. coated conductor was slitted to several wires with narrow width below 1mm. 12ea slitted wires were parallel stacked on top of another until making up the square cross-section. The bundle of coated conductors was heat treated to stick on each other by diffusion bonding and then copper plated to make round shape wire. Critical current of round wire was measured 185A at 77K, self field.