• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.17-27
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• 2009

Water jet impingement cooling is used to remove heat from high-temperature surfaces such as hot steel plates in the steel manufacturing process (thermo-mechanical cooling process; TMCP). In those processes, uniform cooling is the most critical factor to ensure high strength steel and good quality. In this study, experiments are performed to measure the heat transfer coefficient together with the inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP) analysis for a plate cooled by planar water jet. In the inverse heat transfer analysis, spatial and temporal variations of heat transfer coefficient, with no information regarding its functional form, are determined by employing the conjugate gradient method with an adjoint problem. To estimate the two dimensional distribution of heat transfer coefficient and heat flux for planar waterjet cooling, eight thermo-couple are installed inside the plate. The results show that heat transfer coefficient is approximately uniform in the span-wise direction in the early stage of cooling. In the later stage where the forced-convection effect is important, the heat transfer coefficient becomes larger in the edge region. The surface temperature vs. heat flux characteristics are also investigated for the entire boiling regimes. In addition, the heat transfer rate for the two different plate geometries are compared at the same Reynolds number.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.44-49
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• 2022

The improvement in the battery performance and life using a battery thermal management system directly affects the improvement in the performance, life, and energy efficiency of electric vehicles. Therefore, this study numerically analyzed the heat exchange processes between the coolant inside the cooling plate channel and the heat generated by the battery. The cooling performance was analyzed based on the average temperature, temperature uniformity, and the maximum and minimum temperature differences of the battery. A performance difference existed depending on the coolant inlet temperature but showed the same tendency of cooling performance according to the shape of each plate's channel. Type 1 showed the best results in terms of battery temperature uniformity, which is the most important measure of battery performance; Type 2 showed the best results in terms of the average temperature of the battery; and Type 3 showed the best results in terms of the maximum and minimum temperature differences of the battery compared with that of the other cooling plates.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.338-348
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• 2004

The present study is conducted to investigate the effect of rib arrangements on an impingement/effusion cooling system with initial crossflow. To simulate the impingement/effusion cooling system, two perforated plates are placed in parallel and staggered arrangements with a gap distance of 2 times of tile hole diameter. Initial crossflow passes between the injection and effusion plates, and the square ribs (3mm) are installed on the effusion plate. Both the injection and effusion hole diameters are 10mmand Reynolds number based on the hole diameter and hole-to-hole pitch are fixed to 10,000 and 6 times of the hole diameter, respectively. To investigate the effects of rib arrangements, various rib arrangements, such as 90$^{\circ}$transverse and 45$^{\circ}$angled rib arrangements, are used. Also, the effects of flow rate ratio of crossflow to impinging jets are investigated. With the initial crossflow, locally low transfer regions are formed because the wall jets are swept away, and level of heat transfer rate get decreased with increasing flow rate of crossflow. When the ribs are installed on the effusion plate, the local distributions of heat/mass transfer coefficients around the effusion holes are changed. The local heat/mass transfer around the stagnation regions and the effusion holes are affected by the rib positions, angle of attack and rib spacing. For low blowing ratio, the ribs have adverse effects on heat/mass transfer, but for higher blowing ratios, higher and more uniform heat transfer coefficient distributions are obtained than the case without ribs because the ribs prevent the wall jets from being swept away by the crossflow and increase local turbulence of the flow near the surface. Average heat transfer coefficients with rib turbulators are approximately 10% higher than that without ribs, and the higher values are obtained with small pitch of ribs. However, the attack angle of the rib has little influence on the average heat/mass transfer.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.171-190
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• 2002

Two cases of design are performed for the hyperbolic paraboloid saddle shell (Lin-Scordelis saddle shell) and the hyperbolic cooling tower (Grand Gulf cooling tower) to check the design strength against a consistent design load, therefore to verify the adequacy of the design algorithm. An iterative numerical computational algorithm is developed for combined membrane and flexural forces, which is based on equilibrium consideration for the limit state of reinforcement and cracked concrete. The design algorithm is implemented in a finite element analysis computer program developed by Mahmoud and Gupta. The amount of reinforcement is then determined at the center of each element by an elastic finite element analysis with the design ultimate load. Based on ultimate nonlinear analyses performed with designed saddle shell, the analytically calculated ultimate load exceeded the design ultimate load from 7% to 34% for analyses with various magnitude of tension stiffening. For the cooling tower problem the calculated ultimate load exceeded the design ultimate load from 26% to 63% with similar types of analyses. Since the effective tension stiffening would vary over the life of the shells due to environmental factors, a degree of uncertainty seems inevitable in calculating the actual failure load by means of numerical analysis. Even though the ultimate loads are strongly dependent on the tensile properties of concrete, the calculated ultimate loads are higher than the design ultimate loads for both design cases. For the cases designed, the design algorithm gives a lower bound on the design ultimate load with respect to the lower bound theorem. This shows the adequacy of the design algorithm developed, at least for the shells studied. The presented design algorithm for the combined membrane and flexural forces can be evolved as a general design method for reinforced concrete plates and shells through further studies involving the performance of multiple designs and the analyses of differing shell configurations.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권7호
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• pp.2621-2627
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• 2023

In Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) experiments, to achieve long pulse and high-power ICRH system operation, a new kind of ICRH antenna has been designed. One of the most critical factors in limiting the operation of long pulse and high power is the intense heat load in the front face of the ICRH antenna, especially the Faraday Screen (FS). Therefore, the cooling channels of FS need to be designed. According to thermal-hydraulic analysis, the FS tubes are divided into several groups to achieve more excellent water cooling capability. The number of series and parallel tubes in one group is chosen as six. This antenna went into service in the spring of 2021, and it is delightful that the temperature distribution of the FS tube is below 400 ℃ in 14.5 s and 1.8 MW ICRH system operation. However, the active water-cooling design was not carried out on the upper and lower plates of FS, which led to severe ablations on that region under long pulse and high power operation, and the temperature is up to 800. Therefore, the upper and lower side plates of the FS were designed with water cooling based on thermal-hydraulic analysis. During the 2022 winter experiments, the temperature of ICRH antenna FS was lower than 400 in the pulse of 200s and the power of 1 MW operation.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.415-424
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• 2004

Cooling the electronic equipment is one of the major focal points of the design process and the key to successful product launch. The two-phase loop thermosyphone which is a good candidate among many available options was investigated fur cooling of the high power amplifiers. The system is composed of evaporator which contains 6 parallel cold plates, fan cooled condenser, gas-liquid separator, and interconnecting tubes. Experiments were performed for several refrigerant charging values, hs and as a experiment result, the optimum charging value fur this system was proposed. In order to optimize the system design, the operating cycle pressure and inlet/outlet temperatures of evaporator and condenser are measured and analyzed. The effect of the three parameters such as flow rate and temperature of condenser cooling air, and thermal load on the evaporator are investigated. The lower the operating pressure and the cycle temperatures are also better to prevent the leakage of the system. The system invesigated in this paper can be directly used for cooling of a real unmanned wireless communication station.

• 오토저널
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.76-87
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• 1992

Flow and heat transfer characteristics in a horizontal electronic circuit board are studied numerically. The board has the arrays of heated blocks and the spaces between the plates and blocks are changed. Air in used as cooling fluid, of which prandt1 number is 0.7. The velocity distributions, temperature distributions, Nusselt numbers and dimensionless friction factors are obtained on the spaces between the plates and the blocks, for the cases of Rayleigh number, 0 and 10$^{5}$ . When Rayleigh number is so large, such as 10$^{5}$ , that the effect of bouyancy is not negligible, fluid friction and heat transfer is increased more than those of forced convection. This may be caused by the generation of secondary flow on the cross section of primary flow. The effect of bouyancy is of the most efficient, when the space of blocks is about block-width and the space of plates is about 1.7 times of block-height.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.247-258
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• 2002

The high-temperature material properties of steel are very important to the fire resistance analysis of high-strength bolt connections. This paper reports on the results of the experimental studies on the high-temperature properties of 20 MnTiB steel which is widely used in high-strength bolts, and the friction coefficient of 16Mn steel plates at elevated temperature which is a necessary parameter for bolted frictional connection analysis. The test data includes yield strength, limit strength, modulus of elasticity, elongation and expansion coefficient of 20MnTiB steel at elevated temperature, and the friction coefficients between two 16Mn steel plates under elevated temperatures and after cooling. Based on the data from the tests, the mathematical models for predicting the mechanical properties of 20MnTiB steel and friction coefficients of 16Mn steel plates have been established.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.193-200
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• 2007

Simulations of the thermally-induced residual stresses and birefringence in freely quenched plates of polycarbonate were performed by using the linear viscoelastic and photoviscoelastic constitutive equations for the mechanical and optical properties, respectively, and the first order rate equation for volume relaxation. The predictions for the birefringence showed good agreement with experimental measurements. However, for initial temperature close to the glass transition temperature, some differences existed around the surface layer. Based on the simulation, the influences of various cooling conditions on the residual stress and birefringence in plates were investigated. The residual stress and birefringence increased with increasing initial temperature, decreasing coolant temperature and increasing heat transfer coefficient of coolants.

• 한국전자파학회지:전자파기술
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.29-38
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• 1994

정보통신 싯스템이 고속/고밀도화 됨에 딸 전자파 차페 효과와 냉각 성능의 최적 조건을 구하는 문제가 대두되고 있다. 따라서 본고에서는 다중 개구면이 잇는 함체에 대한 전자파 차폐 효과와 냉각 특성을 조사하였다. 차례 효과는 실험치화 이론치를 구하였고 냉각 특성은 컴퓨터 수치 해석을 이용하여 공극율에 따른 특성을 파악하였다. 연구 결과, 개구면의 형상에 따른 차폐 효과는 공극율에 가장 큰 영향을 받으며, 상반된 성질이 있는 냉각 특성과 종합적으로 비교하여 볼대 공극율이80% 이상인 경우에는 특성변화가 급격함을 알 수 있었다.