• Title/Summary/Keyword: Cooked meat

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Effect of Deboning Time on Quality Characteristics of Pressed Pork Ham (돈육 뒷다리 부위의 발골시간이 프레스햄의 품질 특성에 미치는 영향)

  • Yang, H.S.;Joo, S.T.;Park, Gu-Boo
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.49 no.3
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    • pp.387-394
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    • 2007
  • To investigate the effects of deboning time and muscle type of ham on quality characteristics of cooked press ham, a total of twelve pigs(barrow, 100±5kg) were slaughtered and split in half. The left side ham of carcasses was deboned immediately after slaughter whereas the right side ham was deboned after chilling for 24 hours at 4℃. Each of two muscles(SM; Semimembranosus, BF; Biceps femoris) was used to make a press ham. The pH of hot-boning muscles was significantly(p<0.05) higher than that of cold- boning muscles, and the pH of SM samples was significantly(p<0.05) higher than BF samples. Hot-boning muscles showed significantly(p<0.05) longer sarcomere length compared with cold-boning muscles. There was no significant difference in myoglobin(Mb) percentage between SM and BF muscles, but SM samples of hot-boning showed significantly(p<0.05) lower L* value compared to hot-boning BF samples. The lightness(L*) of hot-boning muscles was significantly(p<0.05) lower than that of cold-boning muscles. These results suggested that the dark color of hot-boning samples might be due to not only the high muscle pH but also the long sarcomere length without difference in Mb percentage. Hardness and gumminess of hot-boning press ham were significantly(p<0.05) lower than those of cold-boning samples. These results implied that color and pH of press ham did not affected by deboning time or muscle type of ham. However data suggested that texture and panel test of press ham might be improved by using hot-boned muscle due to long sarcomere length of raw meat.

Biphasic Effects of the Flavonoids Quercetin and Naringenin on the Metabolic Activation of 2-Amino-3,5-dimethylimidazo[4,5-F]quinoline by Salmonella Typhimurium TA1538 Coexpressing Human Cytochrome P450 1A2, NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Reductase, and Cytochrome $b_5$

  • Kang, Il-Hyun;kim, Hyun-Jung;Oh, Hyeyoung;Park, Young-In;Dong, Mi-Sook
    • Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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    • v.23 no.3
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    • pp.94-98
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    • 2003
  • Quercetin and naringenin are representative flavonoids that not only exert anti estrogenic, cholesterol-lowering and antioxidant activities but also can modulate the metabolism of many xenobiotics. The activity of the specific form(s) of CYP450 is likely to be a major determinant of susceptibility to chemically induced carcinogenesis between which varies among between individuals due to different dietary habits as well as genetic characteristics. People consume cooked meat or fish together with various vegetables containing substantial amounts of quercetin and naringenin that can modify the enzyme activity of CYP1A2 to stimulate or to inhibit the mutagenic activities of HCAs. Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) produced by cooking meat products at high temperatures are promutagens that are activated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) lA2. Using a newly developed Salmonella typhimurium TA1538/1A2bc-b5 strain, we tested the effect of quercetin and naringenin on the mutagenicity of 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ). TA1538/1A2bc-b5 bears two plasmids, one expressing human CYP1A2 and NADPH-P450 reductase (NPR), and the other plasmid which expresses human cytochrome b5 (cyp b5). TA1538/1A2bc-b5 cells showed high activities of 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and methoxyresorufin O-demethylase (MROD) associated with CYP1A2 and are very sensitive to mutagenesis induced by several HCAs. MeIQ was found to be the strongest mutagen among the HCAs tested in this system. Mutagenicity of MeIQ was enhanced 50 and 42% by quercetin at 0.1 and 1 mM, respectively, but suppressed 82% and 96% at 50 mM and 100 mM. Naringenin also increased the MeIQ-induced mutation about 37% and 22% at 0.1 and 1 mM, but suppressed it 32% and 63% at 50 mM and 100 mM concentrations, respectively, in TA 1538/1A2bc-b5 cells. Thus, they stimulated the MeIQ induced mutation at low concentrations, but strongly suppressed it at high concentrations. This biphasic effect of flavonoids was due to the stimulation or the inhibition of CYP1A2 activity in a dose-dependent manner judging by the activities of EROD or MROD in the Salmonella cells. Collectively, it is likely that the biphasic effects of quercetin and naringenin on the MeIQ-induced mutagenesis in S. typhimurium TA1538/CYP1A2bc-b5 were due to their differential modification of the CYP1A2 activity in these cells.

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Effect of γ-Oryzanol on Lipid Oxidation of Linoleic Acids and Ground Pork (감마 오리자놀이 리놀산 및 분쇄돈육의 항산화효과에 미치는 영향)

  • 조수현;박범영;김진형;김용곤;이종문;안종남
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.48 no.4
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    • pp.587-594
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    • 2006
  • Gamma-oryzanol was prepared from rice bran, and added at 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15% or 0.20%(w/w) to linoleic acid and ground pork to determine their antioxidant effect. Linoleic acid containing γ-oryzanol had significantly lower peroxide values than the control during the storage of 10 days at 40℃ compared to the control (P<0.05). The peroxide values of linoleic acids containing γ-oryzanol decreased as the addition level increased (P<0.05). Raw ground pork patties containing oryzanol 0.20% had significantly lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values as equivalent with butylated hydroxy anisole(BHA) when stored at 4℃ for 6 days. Cooked ground pork patties containing more than 0.05% of γ-oryzanol showed lower TBARS values than those containing BHA during storage at 4℃ for 4 days (P<0.05). This study indicated that γ-oryzanol can be used to inhibit lipid oxidation for meat and meat products.

Effect of Korean Soup(Tang) upon Customers Royalty in the Food Service Industry in Korea (외식급식산업에 있어서 국(탕)이 고객 충성도에 미치는 영향)

  • 이영남;노성윤
    • Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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    • v.13 no.5
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    • pp.482-493
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    • 2003
  • This study has been designed to stress the thoughts that soups should be offered taking into account customer's preference aimed at leading to eventual customer's satisfaction and the importance that Korean traditional food should take the lead in shifting dining-out industry's paradigm to customer-orientation instead of product-orientation. From August 15 through August 30, 2003, the drawn-up questionnaires were handed out to 500 numbers of adults aged over 20 living in Seoul, metropolitan city of Korea and the finally collected 361 questionnaires from them have been analysed as a subject for this study. It showed that the male respondents(44%) dined out much more frequently than the female respondents(35%) and their rate of 5,000-7,000 Won for a meal was most preferred as their average expenditure at one sitting in the restaurant. When eating Korean food at home or in a restaurant, the majority(5l,3%) of them think the soups(Tang) should be served coupled with their ordered meals. Among soups using flesh and meat as a staple material, they most preferred beef & bone soup(33.2%), followed by beep rib soup(30.4%) and beef soup with seasoned red pepper(l0.8%), and among soups using fish & shell and crustacean as a staple material, most preferred were hot fish soup(20.6%), loach soup(l5.2%) and hot crab soup(11.4%). Among soups using beans as a staple material, they most preferred soybean paste stew(33.2%), uncurdled soybean curd stew(29.4%) and Dambuk stew(l5.8%). Among soups using fowls and birds as a staple material, chicken soup with ginseng(51.9%), plain chicken soup(l8.4%) and chicken soup with red pepper sauce(l2.3%) falls on the most preferred. Among soups using vegetables and seaweeds as a staple material, most preferred are sea mustard soup(25.3%), Kimchi soup(16.8%), soybean paste soup with Chinese cabbage(13.0%) and bean sprout soup(10.1%). The soups(Tang) most preferred in the morning time are those soups whose staple materials are vegetables and seaweeds, such as sea mustard soup, bean sprout soup, Kimchi soup and soybean paste soup with Chinese cabbage while the soups most preferred for the lunch time are beef & bone soup, beep rib soup, chicken soup with ginseng and beef soup with seasoned red pepper while beef soup with seasoned red pepper, beef & bone soup, soybean curd stew and Kimchi soup are most preferred soups for the dinner time. The survey showed that 41 % of the subject preferred chicken soup with ginseng for a food considered good by themselves for their health. The male respondents preferred Bosin-tang(soup of edible-dog meat) than the female counterparts did, while the female respondents preferred chicken soup with ginseng than the male counterparts did. The survey showed that when eating korean traditional food, 70% of the subject are visiting a restaurant where soups are cooked delicious while 61% of the subject think that price does not matter if only food tastes good, which is reflecting that taste of food is a decisive factor in selecting menu rather than its price is. In conclusion, you can say that taste of soup is the most important factor creating steady customer in the restaurant, taking it into account Korean people most prefer their traditional food when dining out.

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Study on Establishment of Food Material Size Specification Based on Elementary School Menus (초등학교 급식 식단별 식재료 크기 설정에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Eun-Mi;Hong, Sang-Pil;Lee, Min-A;Jeong, Mi-Kyoung;Cho, Tae-Oc
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.37 no.8
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    • pp.1058-1068
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    • 2008
  • This study was conducted to establish size specification of food material for elementary school meals, researched at school meal scene and surveyed with questionnaires about the management of food materials by workers devoted to preparing school meals. Most subjects (80.7%) answered that students were served smaller size than adults, whereas 11.0% answered that they served different sizes according to school age and 8.3%, that they served same size as adult. About the food material size specification for elementary school student, a majority of respondents reported that 3/4 or 2/4 of adult served size was suitable. The serving size was decided and executed to investigate the actual intake and the preference of students for food size by 2 methods, intake ratio and questionnaire in 6 elementary schools. It showed that intake ratio and preference of students may be changed by serving size. According to the result, food serving size was divided in 3 types per menu and food size was measured precisely using the white board inscripted calibration. Actual food serving size for adult and recommended food serving size for elementary school student was compared. The data collected were coded and used to decide food material specifications for 12 cooked vegetable items, 15 raw vegetable items, 9 kimchi items, 2 fermented fish and fish sauce items, 8 deep-fried items, 5 meat and meat product items, 19 fish items and 5 dried food items.

Changes of Quality Properties of Pork Loaves with Chemical-free Sweet Persimmon Powder during Chilled Storage at 5℃ (무 농약 단감분말로 제조한 미트로프의 5℃ 냉장 저장 중 품질 변화)

  • Ha, Chang-Ju;Jin, Sang-Keun;Nam, Young-Wook;Yang, Mi-Ra;Ko, Byung-Soon;Kim, Il-Suk
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.50 no.2
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    • pp.237-246
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    • 2008
  • Four different pork loaves were made with two levels, HP/FP-3% and HP/FP-6%, containing 3.0 and 6.0% HP(hot air dried sweet persimmon powder)/FP(freezer dried sweet persimmon powder), respectively. HP and FP(3% and 6%) were added into ground pork loin separately. A control without persimmon powder were used for comparison. Patties were cooked to 74℃ in electric oven, after cooling, the aerobic packaged meat loaves were stored at 5℃. The moisture and crude ash were higher in the FP-6%, and the crude protein and crude fat were no different among the samples. The pH in control sample was significantly higher(p<0.05) than those of treatment group, however no significant difference was found among the 4 treatments. The TBARS(thiobarbituric reactive substance) values of all samples showed a tendency of increasing value along the storage days. The TBARS and a* value increased(p<0.05) as the addition ratio of HP/FP increased, respectively. With regard to microorganisms, the number of total aerobic bacteria were lower than 3.11 log10 CFU/g. In sensory evaluation, meat loaves containing persimmon powder resulted in a high overall acceptability, although they were not significantly different in overall acceptability.

Effect of Feeding Fermented Food Wastes on Consumer Acceptability of Pork Belly (남은 음식물 발효사료 급여가 돈육 삼겹살의 소비자 기호도에 미치는 영향)

  • Park Hong-Yang;Park Keun-Kyu;Jung Young-Chul;Lee Eui-Soo;Yang Si-Yong;Im Byoung-Soon;Kim Cheon-Jei
    • Food Science of Animal Resources
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    • v.24 no.4
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    • pp.386-392
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    • 2004
  • The objective of this experiment was to compare tile effect of feeding the commercial feeds (control) or fermented food waste feeds (FEWF) on consumer's acceptability and preference of pork belly. The bellies from carcasses of gilts and barrows were used. The consumers evaluated raw meat for color, freshness, fat amount (5=too much fat; 1= not enough fat), fat acceptability and overall acceptability on 5-point stale (5=most desirable; 3=moderate; 1=least desirable) and grilled belly for flavor, taste, texture, juiciness and overall acceptability on 5-point scale (5=most desirable; 3=moderate: 1=least desirable). Raw belly of control had higher scores in color than belly fed FFWF. However, there were no differences between treatments for freshness, fat contents, acceptability of fat contents and overall acceptability (p>0.05). There were no differences in any sensory trait between control and FFWF belly after cooking (p>0.05). Mean scores for preference or overall-liking of raw and cooked belly also were not significantly different between two groups (p>0.05). This results mean that feeding FFWF to pork didn't change the sensory Properties of belly meat.

Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Crossbred Pigs with Carcass Grade (교잡종 돼지에서 도체등급에 따른 돈육의 이화학적 특성 변화)

  • Jin Sang-Keun;Kim Il-Suk;Song Young-Min;Hur Sun-Jin;Hah Kyung-Hee;Kim Hoi-Yun;Lyou Hyun-Jee;Ha Ji-Hee;Kim Byeong-Woo
    • Food Science of Animal Resources
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    • v.24 no.3
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    • pp.246-252
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    • 2004
  • The objective of this study was to determine the changes of physico-chemical characteristics in crossbred pigs (Korean native breed ${\times}$ Landrace breed) by carcass grade. Research was conducted on 250 pigs divided into 5 carcass grade groups. Cooking loss have significantly (p<0.05) higher in higher carcass grade. However, water content, crude fat, pH and shear force have no difference. In meat color, a* was significantly (p<0.05) higher in C and D grade, whereas A grade was lower than those of others. L* and b* did not different among the carcass grades. In fat color, A and E grade were significantly (p<0.05) higher in b* and, C was lower than those of others. Adhesiveness and Gumminess of cooked meat were significantly (p<0.05) higher when carcass grade was higher. However hardness, cohesiveness, springiness and brittleness were not different among the carcass grades. Palmitic acid was significantly (p<0.05) higher in higher carcass grades and, saturated fatty acid/unsaturated fatty acid ratio was lower, whereas other fatty acids compositions had no difference among the carcass grades.

Fatty Acid, Amino Acid Composition and Sensory Traits of Pork from Pigs Fed Artificial Culture Medium of Wild Ginseng (산삼 배양액 급여 돈육의 지방산, 아미노산 조성 및 관능적 특성)

  • Jin, Sang-Keun;Kim, Il-Suk;Kim, Su-Jung;Jeong, Ki-Jong;Lee, Jae-Ryong
    • Food Science of Animal Resources
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    • v.26 no.3
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    • pp.349-355
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    • 2006
  • A total of 120 pigs (Berkshire) were used to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with artificial culture medium ot wild ginseng (CMWG) on the fatty acid composition, amino acid composition and sensory characteristics or pork About $60{\pm}3kg$ pigs were randomly assigned to one of four experimental diet groups[(both sexes)${\times}$(C: commercial diet feed; T: commercial diet+1 L CMWG per day for 70 days)]. Pigs were slaughtered at approximately 110 kg live weight, and fatty acid composition, amino acid composition and sensory characteristics were measured in pork loin. The monounsaturated and saturated fatty acid contents was greater in barrow fed a diet containing CMWG than those of the gilt pork and control groups, however the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition decreased. The EAA (essential amino acid) content was lower in pigs fed diets containing CMWG than that of the control groups, whereas the SAA (amino acid with sulfide) and FRAA (fragrant amino acid) contents were higher. The EAA and FAA (amino acid in relation to flavor) contents were lower for harrow than for gilt, however the SAAA (amino acid in relation to saccarinity), SAA and FRAA the contents were higher. Regarding the sensory evaluation of fresh meat, the color of gilt pork increased with diets containing CMWG relative to the control group. Drip loss and the marbling score for pigs fed with diets containing CMWG were higher in barrow than in gilt. The flavor and overall acceptability of cooked meat from the control group was higher for barrow than for silt.

Effect of Quality Grade on the Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Hanwoo (육질등급별 한우의 물리화학적 및 관능적 특성)

  • Kim, Bum-Keun;Park, Chan-Eun;Lee, Eun-Ji;Kim, Yun-Sook;Kim, Byung-Sam;Kim, Jong-Chan
    • Food Science of Animal Resources
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    • v.33 no.2
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    • pp.287-293
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    • 2013
  • This study was conducted to investigate the effect of quality grade on the physicochemical and sensory properties of Hanwoo beef on the basis of four quality grades (grade $1^{{+}{+}}$, $1^{+}$, 1, and 2). Significantly decreased levels of myoglobin content (from 12.73 mg/g to 7.90 mg/g) and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBs) (from 28.01 kg to 14.03 kg) were found with reduction in quality grade (p<0.05). In contrast, increasing quality grade correlated with significant increase in crude fat contents (from 8.18% to 19.55%). Crude fat contents showed a negative correlation with moisture content (r=-0.966), myoglobin content (r=-0.998), and WBs (r=-0.969). In sensory evaluation experiments it was revealed that quality grades were associated with significantly altered (all p<0.05) flavor, taste, juiciness, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Moisture contents showed negative correlation with taste (r=-0.969) and overall acceptability (r=-0.988). Crude fat contents showed significant correlation with taste (r=0.971), tenderness (r=0.983) and overall acceptability (r=0.968). WBs showed negative correlation with taste (r=-0.957) and overall acceptability (-0.978). The marbling score of fresh meat showed significant correlation with taste (r=0.958), juiciness (r=0.953), and overall acceptance of cooked meat. These results could be used as a fundamental dataset to evaluate the effect of quality grade on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of Hanwoo beef.