• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.205-240
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• 1992

In reality, it is a green revolution of the entire agricultural matrix in Korea that integrated pest control plays an important role in the possible breakthrough in rice self-sufficiency. In paddy agroecosystem as man-modified environment, rice is newly established every year by transplantation under diverse water regimes which affect a microclimate. Standing water benefits rice by regulating the microclimate, but it favors the multiplication of certain pets through the amelioration of the microclimate. Further, the introduction of high yielding varieties with the changing of cultural practices results in changing occurrence pattern of certain pests. In general, japonica type varieties lack genes resistant to most of the important pests and insect-borne virus diseases, whereas indica type possesses more genes conferring varietal resistance. Thus, this differences among indica type, form the background of different approaches to pest management. The changes in rice cultivation such as double cropping, growing high-yielding varieties requiring heavy fertilization, earlier transplanting, intensvie-spacing transplanting, and intensive pesticide use as a consequence of the adoption of improves rice production technology, have intensified the pest problems rather than reduced them. The cultivation of resistant varieties are highly effective to the pest, their long term stability is threathened because of the development of new biotypes which can detroy these varieties. So far, three biotypes of N. lugens are reported in Korea. Since each resistant variety is expected to maintain several years the sequential release of another new variety with a different gene at intervals is practised as a gene rotation program. Another approach, breeding multilines that have more than two genes for resistance in a variety are successfully demonstrated. The average annual rice losses during the last 15 years of 1977-’91 are 9.3% due to insect pests without chemical control undertaken, wehreas there is a average 2.4% despite farmers’insecticide application at the same period. In other words, the average annual losses are prvented by 6.9% when chemical control is properly employed. However, the continuous use of a same group of insecticides is followed by the development of pest resistance. Resistant development of C. suppressalis, L. striatellus and N. cincticeps is observed to organophosphorous insecticides by the mid-1960s, and to carbamates by the early 1970s in various parts of the country. Thus, it is apparent that a scheduled chemical control for rice production systems becomes uneconomical and that a reduction in energy input without impairing the rice yield, is necessarily improved through the implementation of integrated pest management systems. Nationwide pest forecasting system conducted by the government organization is a unique network of investigation for purpose of making pest control timely in terms of economic thresholds. A wise plant protection is expected to establish pest management systems in appropriate integration of resistant varieties, biological agents, cultural practices and other measures in harmony with minimizing use of chemical applications as a last weapon relying on economic thresholds.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 1998년도 21세기 한반도 농업전망과 대책(한국작물학회.한국육종학회 공동주관 심포지움 회보)
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• pp.266-287
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• 1998

Environmental conditions and expected profit are the major criteria to select crops to be cultivated in any region. Traditionally, miscellaneous crops have been cultivated as alternative crop in case of unfavorable climate or supplementary crop in marginal lands. Since the successful breeding of high yielding varieties of staple crops and development of cultural techniques in 1970s in Korea, production of miscellaneous crops decreased markedly due to the rapid commercialization of agriculture and increased productions of horticultural crops, although yields have been doubled during the last $2\~3$ decades. On the other hand, animal husbandry has been developing remarkably parallel with national economic development and the increased consumption of animal products. As a result, imports of feed grains such as corn have increased rapidly, while roughage production became lower than demand. Among miscellaneous crops, corn production increased markedly through the development of hybrids and due to its importance as silage crops. Acreage of corn production including grains, fresh corns and feeding is about 120,000 ha, while acreage of buckwheat is about 5,000 ha and those of other miscellaneous crops decreased to a level of about 1,000 ha. Although miscellaneous crops have low yield potential and are unprofitable due to low price and imports of cheap foreign products, they should be kept to cultivate. Miscellaneous crops are important components that maintain diversity among upland crops as well as alternative crops in case of unfavorable climate. The low yield potential of miscellaneous crops might be due to lack of efforts to breed high yielding varieties and to develope cultural techniques. Continuous investment in research, exploitation of new utilization for miscellaneous crops as sustainable crop, honey crop and sightseeing crop, and development of healthy and special foods will promote their cultivation. Animal feeding in Korea depends mainly on formula feeds. As the number of animals increases to meet demand of animal products, there is no alternative way but to import grains to feed them. But roughage production, which is necessary for normal growth of ruminant animals, should be increased. However, lack of arable land and pasture land limits the production of good roughages. It is estimated that number of course for meat and milk production will be $2.5{\~}2.6$ million and total of $6.2{\~}7.5$ million tons of roughages should be produced. This implies that more than 1 million tons of roughage are needed, although pasture land, upland for forage crops, forage crops after rice cultivation and rice straw are utilized. Therefore, new reclamation of pasture land, increased roughage production in cultivating land, increased cultivation of forage crops after rice, more utilization of rice straw and active exploration of indigenous plant species as roughage resources should be promoted

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제17권3호통권76호
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• pp.357-363
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• 2005

건축물이 고층이 될 수록 고강도 강재의 사용요구가 증대된다. 그러나 고강도 강재는 일반 강재와는 전혀 다른 기계적 특성을 갖고 있다. 고강도 강재를 건축구조물에 적용하기 위해서는 비탄성 영역에서의 거동이 일반 강재와 동등한가를 확인해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 SM570TMC 강재로 제작된 박스형 및 H형 단면을 갖는 기둥의 국부좌굴강도를 평가하기 위해서 중심압축실험을 세장비를 변수로 수행하였다. 단주압축 실험결과 판폭두께비의 제한치를 만족하는 기둥부재의 최대내력은 국부좌굴에 의해 결정되며, 판폭두께비를 만족시키지 못하는 경우에는 최대내력에 도달하기 전에 국부좌굴이 발생되었으나 급격한 내력저하는 발생되지 않았다. 장주압축 실험결과 SM570TMC 강재는 허용응력도 설계법과 한계상태 설계법에서 정하고 있는 설계기준을 만족하였다.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.135-145
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• 2011

Accurate process characterization and optimization are the first step for a successful advanced process control (APC), and they should be followed by continuous monitoring and control in order to run manufacturing processes most efficiently. In this paper, process characterization and recipe optimization methods with multiple outputs are presented in high density plasma-chemical vapor deposition (HDP-CVD) silicon dioxide deposition process. Five controllable process variables of Top $SiH_4$, Bottom $SiH_4$, $O_2$, Top RF Power, and Bottom RF Power, and two responses of interest, such as deposition rate and uniformity, are simultaneously considered employing both statistical response surface methodology (RSM) and neural networks (NNs) based genetic algorithm (GA). Statistically, two phases of experimental design was performed, and the established statistical models were optimized using performance index (PI). Artificial intelligently, NN process model with two outputs were established, and recipe synthesis was performed employing GA. Statistical RSM offers minimum numbers of experiment to build regression models and response surface models, but the analysis of the data need to satisfy underlying assumption and statistical data analysis capability. NN based-GA does not require any underlying assumption for data modeling; however, the selection of the input data for the model establishment is important for accurate model construction. Both statistical and artificial intelligent methods suggest competitive characterization and optimization results in HDP-CVD $SiO_2$ deposition process, and the NN based-GA method showed 26% uniformity improvement with 36% less $SiH_4$ gas usage yielding 20.8 ${\AA}/sec$ deposition rate.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.111-122
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• 2000

광고(advertising)에 있어서 광고의 목적을 달성하기 위해서는 우선 소비자로부터 광고에 대한 주의(attention)를 이끌어 내야하고 다음으로는 광고에 대한 이해(comprehension)와 승복(yielding) 그리고 파지(retention)와 같은 정보처리 과정이 이루어져야 한다. 그러나 요즘의 매체환경은 경쟁사 광고들이 나날이 증가하고 있을 뿐만 아니라 신문의 경우 광고 규격(size)의 대형화와 발행 면수(page)의 증가와 더불어 칼라광고가 보편화되어 있고, 잡지의 경우 실질적인 잡지의 편집내용 보다도 광고가 더 많아 광고의 주의를 끌기 위한 방법으로서의 가치를 잃어가고 있다. 이러한 소비자가 처해 있는 커뮤니케이션(communication) 환경에서는 소비자에게 독특하게 지각할 수 있는 광고만이 광고의 목적을 달성할 수 있다고 본다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 소비자기억에 관련이 있는 시각화 (visualization)과정 중 레이아웃(layout)에 대한 디자인원리 (design principles)와 레이아웃 형태(format)에 대한 사례분석과 문헌연구를 통해 인쇄매체 광고의 주의력(attention) 제고 방안을 논하고자 한다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.161-171
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• 1993

본문은 3차원 응력 공간에서 암석이나 콘크리트등 경성기초 지반재료의 응력 - 변형율 거동에 대해 소성이론에 기초를 두고 Desai 등에 의해 제안된 구성식에 대해 기술하고 이를 증명하기 위해 3주응력을 독립적으로 제어 할 수 있는 고압력 입방체 3축실험기를 이용하여 다양한 응력 경로 실험을 한 것으로 사용재료는 콘크리트 시료를 제작 이용하였으며 그 주요한 결론으로서는 1) 경성재료의 구성모텔은 3주응력이 별도로 제어되는 3축실험을 시행함으로써 다양한 응력경로를 보다 정확히 설명할 수 있다. 이점은 경화재료 특히 암석이나 콘크리트와 같은 재료의 구성식을 설명하는데 있어서 필수적이라고 판단한다. 2) 이와같은 경성재료의 구성식은 항복과 경화거동을 유일한 함수로써 연속적으로 정의할 수 있으므로 지금까지 두개의 함수를 이용하여 표현한 두 항복면의 불연속을 제거할 수 있다. 따라서 두 함수의 교차점에서 sigulality point를 피할 수 있으므로 computer계산에 관련된 난점을 제거할 수 있다. 3) 본 콘크리트와 같은 재료의 경우도 $J_1-{\sqrt{J_{2D}}}$면, 8면체면 그리고 3축면등에서의 항복거동(그림11-그림 14)과 체적변형률(그림 15) 그리고 응력-변형률거동(그림 16-그림 18)에 대해 이론 예측치와 실험결과치가 잘 일치하고 있다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.1092-1100
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• 2010

Bacteria, fungi, and protozoa inhabiting the rumen, the largest chamber of the ruminants' stomach, release large quantities of hydrogen during the fermentation of carbohydrates. The hydrogen is used by coexisting methanogens to produce methane in energy-yielding processes. This work shows, for the first time, a fundamental possibility of using a hydrogen-rich fermentation gas produced by selected rumen ciliates to feed a low-temperature hydrogen fuel cell. A biohydrogen fuel cell (BHFC) was constructed consisting of (i) a bioreactor, in which a hydrogen-rich gas was produced from glucose by rumen ciliates, mainly of the Isotrichidae family, deprived of intra- and extracellular bacteria, methanogens, and fungi; and (ii) a chemical fuel cell of the polymer-electrolyte type (PEFC). The fuel cell was used as a tester of the technical applicability of the fermentation gas produced by the rumen ciliates for power generation. The average estimated hydrogen yield was ca. 1.15 mol $H_2$ per mole of fermented glucose. The BHFC performance was equal to the performance of the PEFC running on pure hydrogen. No fuel cell poisoning effects were detected. A maximum power density of $1.66\;kW/m^2$ (PEFC geometric area) was obtained at room temperature. The maximum volumetric power density was $128\;W/m^3$ but the coulombic efficiency was only ca. 3.8%. The configuration of the bioreactor limited the continuous operation time of this BHFC to ca. 14 h.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.281-288
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• 2018

This study deals with the microstructure and tensile properties of 600 and 700 MPa-grade high-strength seismic reinforced steel bars. High-strength seismic resistant reinforced steel bars (SD 600S and SD 700S) were fabricated by TempCore process, especially the SD 700S specimen was more rapid cooled than the SD 600S specimen during the TempCore process. Although two specimens had microstructure of tempered martensite in the surface region, the SD 600S specimen had ferrite-degenerated pearlite in the center region, whereas the SD 700S specimen had bainite-ferrite-degenerated pearlite in the center region. Therefore, their hardness was highest in the surface region and revealed a tendency to decrease from the surface region to the center region because tempered martensite has higher hardness than ferrite-degenerated pearlite or bainite. The SD 700S specimen revealed higher hardness in the center region than SD 600S specimen because it contained a larger amount of bainite as well as ferrite-degenerated pearlite. On the other hand, tensile test results indicated the SD 600S and SD 700S specimens revealed continuous yielding behavior because of formation of degenerated pearlite or bainite in the center region. The SD 600S specimen had a little higher tensile-to-yield ratio because the presence of ferrite and degenerated pearlite in the center region and the lower fraction of tempered martensite enhance work hardening.

• International Journal of Reliability and Applications
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.27-39
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• 2006

Many real world cases in material failure analysis do not follow perfectly the normal distribution. Forcing of the normality assumption may lead to inaccurate predictions and poor product quality. We examine the failure process of the internal bond (IB or tensile strength) of medium density fiberboard (MDF). We propose a forced censoring technique that closer fits the lower tails of strength distributions and better estimates extremely smaller percentiles, which may be valuable to continuous quality improvement initiatives. Further analyses are performed to build an accelerated common-shaped Weibull model for different product types using the $JMP^{(R)}$ Survival and Reliability platform. In this paper, a forced censoring technique is implemented for the first time as a software module, using $JMP^{(R)}$ Scripting Language (JSL) to expedite data processing, which is crucial for real-time manufacturing settings. Also, we use JSL to automate the task of fitting an accelerated Weibull model and testing model homogeneity in the shape parameter. Finally, a package script is written to readily provide field engineers customized reporting for model visualization, parameter estimation, and percentile forecasting. Our approach may be more accurate for product conformance evaluation, plus help reduce the cost of destructive testing and data management due to reduced frequency of testing. It may also be valuable for preventing field failure and improved product safety even when destructive testing is not reduced by yielding higher precision intervals at the same confidence level.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.375-384
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• 2009

효과적인 횡력저항 시스템중에 하나인 다이아그리드 구조 시스템의 사용이 늘어나고 있다. 하지만 다이아그리드 노드의 바람 및 지진에 대한 구조성능을 해석적으로 평가하는 것은 한계가 있다. 특히 용접특성의 반영이 어려운데, 이 연구에서는 횡하중을 받는 다이아그리드 노드의 구조적 거동을 알아보기 위해 실제부재의 5분의 1로 축소한 모형을 이용해 실험을 수행했다. 주요 부위의 용접방법, 설계상세등 5가지 변수에 대하여 총 네 개의 실험체를 제작했다. 한쪽 가새부재에는 압축력을, 다른 쪽 가새부재에는 인장력을 가하는 반복가력 실험을 수행했다. 실험 결과 주요 파괴 원인은 인장력과 부가모멘트에 의한 파괴와 인장력만에 의한 용접부의 파단으로 나뉜다. 용접방법과 설계상세에 따른 초기강성, 항복강도의 차이는 없었다. 용접방법에 따른 파괴 형상의 차이가 있었으며 설계상세는 에너지 흡수능력에 영향을 미쳤다.