• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.928-938
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• 2015

Purpose: This study explored the effects of neurofeedback training on Electroencephalogram (EEG), Continuous Performance Task (CPT) and ADHD symptoms in ADHD prone college students. Methods: Two hundred forty seven college students completed Korean Version of Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS-K) and Korean Version of Beck Depression Inventory (K-BDI). The 16 participants who ranked in the top 25% of CAARS-K score and had 16 less of K-BDI score participated in this study. Among them, 8 participants who are fit for the research schedule were assigned to neurofeedback training group and 8 not fit for the research schedule to the control group. All participants completed Adult Attention Deficiency Questionnaire, CPT and EEG measurement at pretest. The neurofeedback group received 15 neurofeedback training sessions (5 weeks, 3 sessions per week). The control group did not receive any treatment. Four weeks after completion of the program, all participants completed CAARS-K, Adult Attention Deficiency Questionnaire, CPT and EEG measurement for post-test. Results: The neurofeedback group showed more significant improvement in EEG, CPT performance and ADHD symptoms than the control group. The improvements were maintained at follow up. Conclusion: Neurofeedback training adjusted abnormal EEG and was effective in improving objective and subjective ADHD symptoms in ADHD prone college students.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.273-286
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• 1997

Objective：This study was designed to evaluate effects of methylphenidate(MPH) on event-related potentials(ERP) and continuous performance test(CPT) in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to see the correlation between changes in ERP and changes in performance. Method：ERP and CPT were used to examine the acute effects of MPH(0.5mg/kg) in eleven ADHD boys(89-103 months old). Results：1) After MPH administration, P3 latency to nontarget stimuli at Fz was significantly decreased (p<0.01) and P2 amplitudes to target stimuli at Pz and at Oz and P3 amplitude to target stimuli at Cz were significantly increased(p<0.05). 2) Commission error and omission error in the CPT-X and commission error in the CPT-AX were decreased(p<0.01), and hits and perceptual sensitivity(d') in the CPT-X and d′ in the CPT-AX were increased(p<0.01). 3) The change of P3 latency to nontarget stimuli at Fz and the change of d′ in the CPT-X were negatively correlated(p<0.05), and the change of P2 amplitude to target stimuli at Pz and d′ in the CPT-AX were positively correlated(p<0.05). Conclusion：MPH improves change orienting reaction, the delivery of task relevant information, accuracy and perceptual sensitivity in ADHD. And the increase of ability to discriminate targets from non-targets reflects reduced evaluation time in large memory component task and enhanced change orienting reaction in simple task.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.246-252
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• 2011

Background : The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of the Comprehensive Attention Test (CAT) by comparing the results of the continuous performance test (CPT) and the CAT in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method : A total of 110 children and adolescents with ADHD (mean age : 11.2${\pm}$2.9 years, 76 boys) and 36 children and adolescents without ADHD (mean age : 12.0${\pm}$2.7 years, 25 boys) completed the CAT. We compared the specificity and sensitivity of the CPT and CAT at two different cut-off points via the McNemar test. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) between the two groups were compared using Medcalc software. Results : The sensitivity and specificity of the CPT were .419 and .806, respectively. The sensitivity of the CAT was .827, which was significantly higher than that of the CPT (p<.001), and the specificity of CAT is .444, which was significantly lower than that of CPT (p<.001). The AUC of the CPT and CAT was .664 and .692, respectively, and there were no significant difference between the two groups on the paired comparison (p=.513). Conclusions : The results of this study suggest that the CAT has moderate specificity and high sensitivity. The CAT can be used as a useful tool to evaluate the neuropsychological function of children and adolescents with ADHD.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2009.03a
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• pp.349-360
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• 2009

The cone penetration test(CPT) has gained its popularity in site characterization indebted by its reliability, speed, economy, and automatic measurement system since its development in the 1930s. The CPT results, commonly consisting of cone tip resistance, sleeve friction, and pore water pressure measurements, allow us to classify soils as well as to reveal their engineering characteristics. The site condition at which the CPT is allowable is often dependent on the capacity of a CPT system. In Korea, it has been considered that the CPT could be appled only to soft soils in most cases because CPT systems available for stiff soils are very rare due to their expensive procurement and maintenance cost. Luoisiana Transportation Research Center(LTRC) has developed and implemented a field-rugged continuous intrusion miniature cone penetration test(CIMCPT) system since the late 1990s. The miniature cone penetrometer has a sectional cone area of $2cm^2$ allowing system capacity reduction compared to the standard $10cm^2$ cone penetrometer. The continuous intrusion mechanism allows fast and economic site investigation. Samsung Engineering & Construction has recently developed and implemented a similar CIMCPT system based on its original version developed in LTRC. The performance of the Samsung CIMCPT system has been investigated by calibration with the standard CPT system at a well-characterized test site in Pusan, Korea. In addition, scale effect between the miniature cone penetrometer and the standard cone penetrometer has been investigated by comparing the field test results using the both systems.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2010.09a
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• pp.269-281
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• 2010

The cone penetration test(CPT) has been increasingly used for in situ site characterization. However, the use of CPT is often limited due to specific site conditions depending on the cone size, geometry, and capacity of the CPT system used. In South Korea, it has generally been considered that the CPT could be satisfactorily performed only in soft soils. Louisiana State University/ Louisiana Transportation Research Center has implemented a field-rugged continuous intrusion miniature cone penetration test (CIMCPT) system since the 1990s. The miniature cone penetrometer of the CIMCPT system has a cross-sectional cone area of $2cm^2$ allowing finer soil profiles compared to the standard $10cm^2$. The reduced cross-sectional area also enables a system capacity reduction leading to cost saving and ease in maintenance. In addition, the continuous intrusion mechanism allows fast and economic site investigations. Samsung C&T Corporation has recently implemented a similar CIMCPT system. In this study, case studies on the field application of Samsung CIMCPT system for the last 2 years are presented to illustrate its performance investigation and its usefulness and limitation. Results of the case studies show that the CIMCPT system can be applied to soils with cone tip resistance($q_c$) values up to about 30MPa and allows a reliable and useful way to characterize soft soils. The results also show that the rod buckling limits the investigation depth by the system and the large contact pressure of the CIMCPT truck prevents the use of the system at sites with soft surface soils. According to the results of the case studies, the Samsung CIMCPT system has been being upgraded with a miniature cone with a longer rod, a crawler-type transportation system, a pre-boring system, and so on.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.163-169
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• 2006

Objectives : The study was conducted to investigate the effect of intelligence ability on attention using Continuous Performance Test (CPT). Methods : 56 children with ADHD (52 boys, 4 girls) and 41 children in normal (28 boys, 13 girls) were sampled, their age range was 7 to 15. They performed IQ test and ADHD Diagnostic System (ADS) in order to examine intelligence and attention. Participants were divided into normal group and ADHD group, average IQ level children and superior IQ level children. Then ADS variables (omission error, commission error, reaction time, reaction time deviation, response sensitivity, and response criterion) were analyzed. Results : There was no significant interaction effect between group (normal, ADHD) and intelligence (average, superior). But there was significant difference between normal group and ADHD group in omission error, commission error, reaction time deviation, and response sensitivity. Also average level IQ group had significantly showed more omission, greater reaction time deviation, and lower response sensitivity than superior level IQ group. Conclusion : ADHD group has attention deficit than normal group, and CPT is available tool to detect attention problems. These findings indicate that intelligence can contaminate inattention and cognitive impulsivity thus it compensates for attention deficit. And it suggests that intelligence effect is considered in analyzing CPT in ADHD children.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2007.09a
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• pp.611-622
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• 2007

In the design and construction of the coastal/offshore structures, it is very important to evaluate the geotechnical characteristics of marine soils, which support the structures. Although the offshore site investigation is much more difficult than onshore, safe and precise jobs have not been accomplished in Korea because of the insufficiency of the test equipments especially for the site with deep water depth. The main objective of this study is to develop a new type of marine cone penetration testing(CPT) system, which can be utilized to even deep sea and high depth of soil layer. The system is one of seabed types and employs the conventional cone, which shows more reliable results than miniature cone. The most important parts of the marine CPT including continuous rod system, cone penetration system with wheel drive, automatic cone rod assembly/dissembly system etc., were designed and manufactured. Some tests to verify the developed marine CPT system were performed at both onshore and offshore sites as well as mechanical test in laboratory. The test results show the consistent and promising performance of the new equipment, and thereafter the system would be applicable to various sites with practical/economical advantages.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.131-142
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the personality traits and cognitive characteristics of the Sasang constitution by comparing the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and Stroop Test. Methods: One hundred and six healthy subjects (age 20 to 40) were analyzed; 45 Taeeumin, 30 Soyangin and 31 Soeumin. The Sasang constitution was diagnosed by a sasang constitutional medicine specialist based on the results of a Two Step Questionnaire for Sasang Constitution Diagnosis (TS-QSCD), the external appearance, temperament and symptoms. The results of the EPQ, TCI, CPT and Stroop Test were compared between Sasang constitutions. Results: Among the seven dimensions of EPQ, Taeeumin and Soyangin scored significantly higher than Soeumin in Extraversion. Soyangin scored significantly higher than Soeumin in Impulsiveness. Among the four temperament dimensions of TCI, Taeeumin and Soyangin scored significantly higher than Soeumin in novelty seeking, reward dependence and persistence. Soeumin scored significantly higher than Taeeumin and Soyangin in harm avoidance. Among the three character dimensions of TCI, Soyangin scored significantly higher than Taeeumin in self transcendence. The results for CPT showed no significant differences between sasang constitutions. Taeeumin had a significantly higher color score in the stroop test than Soeumin. Conclusions: The personality tests showed significant differences between Sasang constitutions, but the neuropsychological test did not show any differences. Further studies should be performed to identify neuropsychological differences between Sasang constitutions.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.112-119
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• 2002

Object:This study was to investigate the difference of speech perception ability in schizophrenic patients, and depression patients in order to explore trait-dependent speech perception ability of each disorder. Methods:The speech perception ability was assessed with masked speech tracking test(MST) in schizophrenic patients(N=31), depression patients(N=25), and normal controls(N=21). The continuous performance test(CPT) and sentence repetition test(SRT) were also used for assessment of attention and working memory. Results:The schizophrenic patients showed significant impaired MST performance, compared with depressive patients and normal controls. The performances of CPT and SRT were also more impaired in schizophrenic patients. The difference of MST performances between two patient group was cancelled out after consideration of differences in CPT & SRT performances. Conclusions:These results imply that schizophrenic patients have the impaired speech perception ability compared with depressive patients and normal controls. But speech perception ability was significantly influenced with CPT and SRT. For evaluation of pure speech perception ability, the more elaborate controlled study that excluded factors such as attention, working memory and intelligence is needed.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.2359-2368
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• 2013

Cone penetration tests (CPTs) have been increasingly used for site characterizations. However, the site investigations using CPTs are often limited due to soil conditions depending on the cone size and capacity of the CPT system. The small sectional area of a miniature cone improves the applicability of the CPT system due to the increased capacity of the CPT system. A continuous intrusion system using a coiled rod allows fast and cost effective site investigation. In this study, the performance of the continuous intrusion miniature cone penetration test (CIMCPT) system has been evaluated by comparison tests with the standard CPT system at several construction sites in Korea. The results show that the CIMCPT system has a same performance with the CPT system and has advantages on the mobility and applicability. According to field verification tests for scale effect evaluation, the cone tip resistance evaluated by CIMCPT overestimates by 10% comparing to standard CPTs. A crawler mounted with the CIMCPT system has been implemented to improve accessibility to soft ground, and has shown improvement over the truck type CIMCPT system. Therefore, the improved CIMCPT system can be utilized as a cost effective and highly reliable soil investigation methodology to detect the depth of soft ground and to evaluate soil classification.