• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.307-330
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• 2016

This article aims to explain how Gangnam, as a model and standard of compressed urbanization in South Korea, was created. Gangnam and Gangnam-style urbanization need attention not only because they contrast with Korea's urbanization in the past as well as urbanization in the West but also they provide an important model in contemporary Korea's politics, economy and culture. However, there are little studies of how Gangnam's peculiar urbanism was created. To fill this gap, this article will first capture Gangnam's peculiar urbanism as a material landscape and sociocultural lifestyle. Gangnam-style urbanism is (a) materially characterized by high-rise apartment complexes owned by the middle and upper class for dwelling and asset growth and (b) socio-culturally characterized by political conservatism, public indifference, competition over academic performance, appearance, and fashion, and nightlife. Then it will show Gangnam's archetype was created in a spatially and temporally compressed way in and through the spatial selectivity of Korean anti-communist authoritarian developmental state strategies: (1) anti-communism led to the diffusion and accommodation of the population through apartments in Gangnam in the context of its confrontation with North Korea and the fast-growing population of Seoul; (2) military authoritarianism excluded the low-income class and the urban poor from urban development; and (3) the developmental state adopted selective housing policy which treated construction companies and the middle class preferentially through exceptional zoning and price distortions, promoting the construction of apartment in Gangnam and its resultant uneven development.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2011

This study is conducted to verify existing differences in consumer attitude according to distributor type and PB product type. Pre-test was conducted for this study in order to select the distributor and to classify the product type, FGI was conducted with 10 graduate students of K university in Kyong-gi. This study survey housewives, office workers, and university students excluding the participants in the pre-test. In the final analysis, research hypothesis is verified through the data of 280 answers in Korea. This research is conducted with a factor design of 3 types of distributors -department store, discount store, convenience store-and 2 types of product -utilitarian product, hedonic product. To verify the hypotheses, ANOVA is carried out. Reliability test of each measurement variables, Cronbach α coefficient is used. For each analysis, SPSS Windows 15.0 statistical program is used. The findings suggest that First, according to the size and characteristics, distributors are classified into department stores, discount stores, and convenience stores and it is verified whether if there are differences in consumers' attitude (product attitude, brand attitude and purchase intention) by the effect of different distributors. Results showed that product attitude is statistically significant. Second, product type is classified by two categories according to whether the product seeks for practicality or emotional pleasure - Utilitarian product and Hedonic product. In this context, the result after verifying whether if there is difference in the attitudes -product attitude, brand attitude, and purchase intention - in accordance with the product types is shown that utilitarian products makes bigger difference compared to hedonic products. Third, it is confirmed that there is interaction effect between product attitude and purchase intention according to the distributer type and product type. However, we find that in terms of brand attitude, there is no interaction effect. The implications of this research is as the following. First, we propose the need of PB product development and marketing strategy, which considers the product types in accordance with the scale and features of each distributor. Second, PB products should break away from the simplicity of standardized products and consider the different features of distributors. Distributors will be in need of a strategy to build a compelling brand that can differentiate itself from other distributors. This will contribute to the improvement in reliability and formation of product value.

• Journal of Korean Classical Literature and Education
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• no.34
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• pp.75-113
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• 2017

The purpose of fusion education is to acquire educational contents efficiently and gain a new worldview. To realize this purpose, I point out that it is urgent to provide common educational content and suggest "place experience" as common content for literature and geography. Local legends present a concrete space and a sharp confrontation with the human world, while shaping the tradition of a place's name. Place experience as common educational content enables a three-dimensional experience of a place that utilizes the characteristics of these local legends. The physical condition, human activity, and implied meaning of a place mediate the student's empirical understanding of folktales. The common area of "place experience" allows us to expect a stereotypical understanding of a learner's place by providing a literary context to learning contents that can flow from the existing geography subject to the simple provision of information. In addition, it facilitates learners' empirical understanding by providing actual and specific objects to learning contents, which can flow abstractly in the existing literature subject. Through this discussion, convergence education demonstrates educational significance by achieving educational efficiency through common educational content and enabling the formation of new thinking.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.65
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• pp.29-54
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• 2021

In Europe, the diversity in religions, cultures, languages and historical backgrounds is enormous. World War II and the Soviet Regime have played a large part in this and the flow of refugees from other continents increases the pluralism. How can religious education add to bridging between differences? The language across European countries is different, literally between countries, but also figuratively speaking and even inside individual countries. These differences occur in cultural sense and across age groups as well. Secondary education has the task to form young people to become firmly rooted people who can hold their own in society. It is essential that they learn to examine their own core values and their roots. Recognising their values should be a main focus of religious education. However, schools are currently accommodating increasing numbers of non-religious pupils. What role do religious values still play in this situation? How do pupils feel about active involvement in religious institutions, and about basing life choices on religious beliefs? Can other, non-religious values be detected which could form the basis for value-oriented personal formation? Research of these subjects has been ongoing in the Netherlands for more than twenty years and is currently being expanded to the Czech Republic and(former East) Germany. These are also secularized countries but have a very different history. Does the history and context of these countries play a role, and does this show in the values that are important to pupils? A comparative pilot study is being conducted as start of this broadening perspective geared towards greater insight into the values of pupils in these three European countries. This information helps to design appropriate new forms of religious value-oriented worldview education.

• Korean Journal of Comparative Education
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.291-307
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• 2018

As the value of lifelong learning becomes important, states are making efforts to build a system of lifelong learning. According to this tendency, this paper intends to compare the participation rate of lifelong learning, learning outcomes, learning support infrastructure, support of learning expenses, and recognition of lifelong learning. For the comparative pedagogical approach, Bray and Thomas' cubes such as geographical / regional level, non - geographical demographic statistics, social and educational aspects were utilized. The participation rate of lifelong learning in Korea is 34.4% in 2017, which is lower than the OECD average of 46%. The competency scores of Korean adults were lower than the OECD national averages of the PIAAC survey which measured adult competence, language ability, numeracy, and computer-based problem solving ability. In order to recognize prior learning, EU countries have developed EQFs to evaluate all non-formal and informal learning outcomes, while Korea recognizes qualification as a credit banking credit under the academic credit banking system. International comparisons of lifelong learning can be used as an important tool for diagnosing the actual conditions of lifelong learning in a country and establishing future lifelong learning policies. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain that the comparative pedagogical approach of lifelong learning differs according to the historical context, socioeconomic characteristics, and population dynamics, including the formation process and characteristics of modern countries.

• Korean Journal of Comparative Education
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.221-248
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to analyze the performance of the Daegu Happiness Competency Education Program. It was confirmed that students, parents, teachers, and education professions are aware of the middle and higher level of education for happiness in Daegu in terms of the formation and operation of the curriculum. There is no significant difference between students and parents in terms of average value, and teachers' perception level is relatively high, which is understandable in that teachers are the subjects of the curriculum organization and operation. In addition, there was no statistically significant difference between the parents and the school level, but there were significant differences between students and teachers. In particular, students' and teachers' perceptions were lowered as the number of schools increased, unlike the predictions. They showed the lowest results in the special schools, autonomous schools and special schools. The reason for this is that Daegu Happiness Competency Education was implemented in 2014, and it was because there was little room to recognize and accept the new curriculum due to the burden of college entrance examination or employment. In the future, it will naturally improve as the education process is settled, but here we can find suggestions for the establishment of Daegu Happiness Competency Education.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.40
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• pp.29-60
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to trace the formation process of "parallel provenance" concept in the context of Australia's aboriginal community archives development and draw its implications for contemporary rebuilding of domestic "past affairs-related committee archives". Focused on historical development of aboriginal community archives in Australia, this writing divides its development into three periods: colonial archives, post-colonial archives, and contemporary archives and investigates each period's distinct features in managing and building of aboriginal community archives. First of all, for colonial archives, it pays attention to Australia's archival tradition, which focused on current record-keeping and then development of multiple provenance resulted from this tradition. Second, for post-colonial archives, it examines the appearance of aboriginal people as the subject of documentation category and name indexing on them. Finally, for contemporary archives, it analyzes current activities of Australia's academic world of archival science for overcoming "the otherness" of aboriginal people through conceptualization of "parallel provenance". Conclusively, through current meaning of parallel provenance, this study draws implications for democratic contemporary rebuilding of domestic past affairs-related committee archives, in which historical victims become the subject of archives.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.73-88
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to explore elementary teachers' difficulties on teaching science by analyzing questions that have been posted for a long time in an autonomous online teacher community named Indischool. For this purpose, 409 question postings(the 2007 and 2009 revised curriculum, third to sixth grade) were analyzed using the framework for analyzing questions about elementary teachers' science teaching(modified from Alake-Tuenter et al., 2013). The study revealed that there were more science-SMK questions than science-PCK questions, and most of the questions were 'about lenses' and 'in 2014 and 2015, when the curriculum was changing from the 2007 to the 2009 revised curriculum'. The long-standing difficulties in science-SMK were 'an application of facts and concepts in lenses' and 'an unexpected experimental error in electricity'. In particular, there are the principle of transparent cup-shaped objects acting as lenses, the process of image formation by convex lenses, experimental errors of 'compass movement due to current flow change' and experimental errors 'serial connection of bulbs'. The long-standing difficulties in science-PCK were 'understanding and response to context' and 'understanding and response to aims mentioned in standard document' and these are not related to physical units but to others. In particular, there are request class materials, activity ideas at the end of the semester and understanding the national curriculum guidelines. These teachers' difficulties should be reflected in the science teaching support system like a teacher's guide compilation, teacher's training curriculum development, etc.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.324-337
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• 2021

This study examined the position and the characteristics of Korean writing textbooks in the rationales for writing education. Also, it explored the activities of writing knowledge formation based on the rationales in order to further propose some suggestions for the development of writing textbooks afterward. For this, it chose four Korean writing textbooks and presented the analyzed results through the processes consisting of material gathering, open coding, deep coding, expression and presentation as ones for the text qualitative analysis. First, it researched how the rationales such as formalism, cognitivism, and social constructivism were applied to and manifested in those textbooks. Furthermore, it examined how the language activities in the textbooks were shown from the four dimensions such as the knowledge of language structure, the process knowledge, the context knowledge, and the content knowledge; in particular, it focused on the content knowledge. It found out the results as follows. The rationales in structuring the chapters were not consistent with inner structures and contents. All the four writing knowledges were applied to each textbook; however, the emphasis and the proportion were different in each textbook. Also, it pointed out the textbook which contains diverse activities to be able to help the learners form the content knowledge and this sort of textbook is more effective from the perspective of social constructivism. Based on those results, it discussed several points which can be considered in the development and the selection of Korean writing textbooks later.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.51-55
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• 2022

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzymes are responsible for the degradation and formation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), and overproduction of MMPs is observed in several diseases, such as cancer and asthma, that progress with metastatic characteristics. Natural products, especially phytochemicals, have been an important source of MMP inhibitors with reduced side effects. Although the majority of phytochemicals inhibit the enzymatic activity of MMPs, some suppress MMP production. In this context, the current study evaluated the potential of Corydalis heterocarpa, a halophyte with reported bioactivities, to inhibit MMP expression in PMA-stimulated HT-1080 cells. A crude C. heterocarpa extract was shown to decrease the mRNA and protein expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 while increasing the endogenous MMP inhibitors TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 which regulate MMP expression in healthy tissues. In addition, our results show that the inhibitory effects of C. heterocarpa might occur through suppression of the phosphorylation of MAPK signaling, the upstream activator of MMP overexpression. In conclusion, C. heterocarpa is a potential source of antimetastatic compounds that might serve as lead molecules to develop novel MMP inhibitors.