• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.235-270
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• 2009

This Article examines what is contemplated by the term "accident," what is meant by "bodily injury," and what damages are recoverable under Article 17 of both the Warsaw Convention of 1929 and the Montreal Convention of 1999. It examines differences in the jurisprudence of the US Supreme Court, the UK House of Lords, and the Australian High Court in interpreting these terms, and the problems posed by these different interpretations in achieving the uniformity of international aviation liability law contemplated by the Warsaw and Montreal Conventions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.52-61
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to compare the characteristics between adolescents who have run away from home before and who have contemplated running away from home before, and to find risk factors that predict runaway behavior among them. Methods: The data of 「the survey on adolescents' right to adequate housing and the way to ensure their housing with the focus on social exclusion」 by the National Youth Policy Institute (2020) were analyzed. A total of 494 adolescents were included in the study. Descriptive statistics, x2 test, t-test, and simple and multiple logistic regressions were carried out using SAS 9.2. Results: Gender, depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and school level were significantly different between the two groups. From the multivariate analysis, the adjusted odds ratio for runaway behavior was significantly higher in male students (AOR: 2.14, p<.001), lower in the middle economic class than in the high economic class (AOR: 0.64, p=.051), lower in the 4th quartile group of self-esteem (AOR: 0.52, p=.041), and higher in high school students (AOR: 1.55, p=.050). Conclusion: Considering that male students, students from wealthier families, students with low self-esteem, and high school students are high-risk groups for runaway behavior, among adolescents who have contemplated running away before, interventions targeting these groups are needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Visualization
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.3-7
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• 2006

This study reviews on the classification of the scientific visualization and the tools in ocean-atmospheric sciences. We have classified scientific visualization according to the purpose and data size; the visualization tools used commonly in the field are also enlisted. The examples of visualization using scalar and vector data are presented, and their distinctions are noted. Lastly, it is contemplated on the near future trend in the field and provided future directions.

• 전기의세계
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.43-56
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• 1968

The design of this antenna tower on the publication had been prepared by writer in order to compare with that of towers for power transmission line or to show the differences on designs existing on their design standards. The design of this antenna tower is also featuring on the following points; (1) the height of tower is 150meters high, (2) combined steel angles are adopted besides angles, (3) the direction of 45degree wind is taken account into design, (4) the additional stresses of horizontal members located in the bending points of main posts are contemplated though these additional stressess are not shown on stress diagram.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.15
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• pp.7-31
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• 2001

All legal systems set out the principle of full compensation of damages, which aims to fulfil the plaintiff's expectations by putting him into as good a position as he would have been in if the contract had been performed. On the other hand, they place some limitations on the full recoverability of damages for breach of contract. In Civil Law systems, 'fault' is a necessary requirement for liability for damages, and the extent of recoverable damages is directly related to the degree of the dependent's fault. This principle, however, is not adopted by Common Law systems, in which the dependent would be liable in damages for breach of contract even though the breach was not due to his fault. The CISG is in a similar position to the latter systems. In Common Law systems as well as CISG, the extent of liability of the party in breach for damages depends on whether he foresaw or could have foreseen the damages at the time of contracting. Unlike the position in Civil Law systems, foreseeability seems to be the most effective principle to decide the extent. The tests for remoteness centre on reasonable foreseeability or contemplation of the loss. The party in breach is liable even for loss indirectly caused to the other party provided that this loss was foreseeable or contemplated by the party in breach. However, this manner to decide remoteness may lead to unreasonable results in some cases. If the party in breach were the inveterate pessimist who foresaw all sorts of possible damages, he could foresee damages too remote from the breach of duty. If this fact were revealed in the course of trial, he should be liable for such indirect damages. This is really undesirable result. Therefore, as to the remoteness test, the criterion of whether the loss is foreseen or contemplated must not be adopted. Foreseeability by reasonable person must be the only available criterion.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.51
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• pp.159-185
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• 2011

This paper is intended to discuss the controversial issue of the principles of change circumstances under the legal system of international commercial transactions. The principles of change circumstances, so called clausula rebus sic stantibus is the legal doctrine allowing for treaties to become inapplicable because of a fundamental change of circumstances. It is essentially an "escape clause" that makes an exception to the general rule of pacta sunt servanda (promises must be kept). The practical needs of international transactions differ from the established concepts of national contracts law. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the legal system and theories under the regimes of international commercial transactions such as the CISG, the PICC, and the PECL. Clausula rebus sic stantibus does not apply if the parties to a treaty had contemplated for the occurrence of the changed circumstance. It only relates to the changed circumstances that were never contemplated by the parties. This paper has shown that the hardship provisions in the CISG, PICC, PECL has similarities to each a validity defense and an excuse defense. it was provisions that CISG governs this issue in Article 79, PICC Article 6.2.1, 6.2.2, 6.2.3(in addition to Article 7.1.7), PECL Article 6.111(in addition to 8.108). It is time when we should reconsider its legal system with great interest in order to harmonize with the international standpoint. It will be the turning point of our viepoint under the international commercial transactions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
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• 1999.06a
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• pp.133-140
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• 1999

It is possible for a volume of fluid to become trapped in the space between two adjoining teeth ad the tips of the teeth engage in Gear Pump with involute teeth. This trapped fluid leads to several harmful results, for example fluctuating pressure and aeration of pump. In this study, hence, theoretical and experimental analyses on this 'Trapping' were accomplished as using relief port(or escape port), one of the means for avoid it. Also, the grasp and analysis on variational type of the internal pressure in parallel with above experiments are achieved so that hydrodynamic behaviors in pump were contemplated.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.33-55
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• 2007

The economic world is full of patterns, many of which exert a profound influence over society and business. One of the most contentious is the distribution of wealth. Way back in 1897, an Italian engineer-turned-economist named Vilfredo Pareto discovered a pattern in the distribution of wealth that appears to be every bit as universal as the laws of thermodynamics or chemistry. The present paper proposes some Bayes estimators of shape parameter of Pareto income distribution in censored sampling. Asymmetric LINEX loss function has been considered to study the effects of overestimation and underestimation. For the prior distribution of the parameter involved a number of priors including one and two-parameter exponential, truncated Erlang and doubly truncated gamma have been contemplated to express the belief of the experimenter s/he has regarding the parameter. The estimators thus obtained have been compared theoretically and empirically with the corresponding estimators under squared error loss function, some of which were reported by Bhattacharya et al. (1999).

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2012.11a
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• pp.47-49
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• 2012

Under this study, the characteristics of concrete intensity condition following the curing method under the extremely low temperature environment have been contemplated, and as a result, in the event of insulation + heat cable curing, the intensity and accumulated temperature accomplishment period is required for two times of requiring initial frost damage prevention than the case of heating + heat insulation curing method due to the insufficient calories supplied in general.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.38-48
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• 2000

At present, electronic commerce is relatively small, but it may crease on a large scale in the near future, the increasing use of electronic commerce over Internet raises question about issues in cyberspace, For that reason this study I identified several problems which currently represent an obstacle for the wider use of electronic commerce mechanisms over Internet and contemplated the international movements and Korea's response of electronic commerce on major issues, Eventually, in order to cope with Internet Round and ensure the stable growth of Electronic Commerce in Korea, the government needs to construct a predictable standards and Commercial environment, suitable to the both the situations of Electronic Commerce, for business conduct on the Internet.