• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.213-260
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• 2009

While the medical supplies have positive functions such as extending lifespan, recovering health, and preventing diseases, they also cause unexpected tragic consequences due to their side effects, and the magnitude of such damage inevitably increases due to the mechanism of mass production, mass distribution, and mass consumption of those medical supplies. Therefore, needless to say, the optimal way to prevent or reduce such damage is rather through medical supply manufacturers' producing non-defective products, or through the government's controlling production and sales of medical supplies with more aggressive exercise of regulatory authority on medical supply manufacturers, than through a remedy by a legal relief after using medical supplies. In this case, although the victim died due to the defect of the cold medicine, 'CONTAC 600', the drug company's responsibility to cover damages was not recognized because a defect could not be found in the then-manufacturing process. Thus, while pharmaceutical companies are gaining economic profits by producing and selling a medical supplies, if they do not take any remedy measures for the victims of their products' side effects, the victims have to use medical supplies under their own responsibility of taking a risk, and they have to accept the full damage of the potential consequence. Therefore, to remove such absurdity and contradiction, and to practically remedy the victim of medical supplies' side effects, the pharmaceutical side effects remedy project pending in the the Drugs, Cosmetics and Medical Instruments Lawneeds to be actively implemented.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 1997.03a
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• pp.121-124
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• 1997

In the present study, a general tool surface contac search ad check algorithm is proposed. A general tool surface is described by triangular FE mesh. To check a proposed algorithm, clover cup and L-shape cup deep drawing processes are calculated. The elastic-plastic FEM using SEAM (Shear Energy Augmented Membrane) element is adapted for numerical stability.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.24 no.2 s.173
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• pp.411-420
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• 2000

This paper presents a new method for calculating contact position and contact force. The proposed method calculates accurate contact position by introducing intermediate parameters. Accurate contac t force can be obtained by solving reduced equations of motion iteratively. This method can be applied to calculate not only contact force on contact points but also contact force on kinematic joints such as a rotational joint and a translational joint. Four numerical examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.1714-1717
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• 2003

ECCOMAS Thematic Conference Multibody 2003 was held at IST (Instituto Superior Technico), Lisbon, Portugal from July 1 to July 4. 2003. And MBDV(Multibody Dynamics and Vibration) in the 2003 ASME DETC was held at Chicago, U.S.A. from September 2 to September 6. In this paper, the presented papers in these conferences were reviewed and the trends in the multibody dynamics are summarized. The session titles in these conferences include Flexible Multibody Dynamics, Vehicle Dynamics, Contact, Biomechanics, Real-time Challenges, Spatial manipulator and Control, Multidisciplinary Applications, and Advanced Education. The poster session was also organized for more discussions in the Multibody2003 conference.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.71-76
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• 2005

The defects evaluation of the interior and the surface would be considered as vital characteristics in predicting the total life span of the steel structure. More importantly, the understandings in the interior composite of welding zone and the notifications in the presence, the formation, and the positioning of the non-metallic inclusion are necessary as well, since there were signs of relatively high defect frequency presented in the welding zone. The ultrasonic testing is a highly recommended technique chosen from among other techniques because of variety of advantages in conducting the non-destructive testing for the welding zone. However, the ultrasonic testing had technical disadvantages referred as followings; the problems due to the couplant between the PZT and the specimen, the formations that were miniature and complex, the moving subject, and the high temperature surrounding the specimen. This research was conducted to resolve the technical disadvantages of the contact ultrasonic testing by studying the non-contact ultrasonic testing where the ultrasonic waves were transferred by the laser, and revealing the specimen defects at its interior part and its surface part. The ultimate goal of this research was to develop a non-destructive evaluation applying the laser manipulated ultrasonic method for the steel structure.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.519-524
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• 2014

This research is the study of raindrop rendering. In case of rendering for raindrop in existing games, it is used on sprites images or roughly raindrops images using texture rendering. These methods are similar to the shape and size of all rendered raindrop. That's why players are limitations to provide a sense of reality. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes a method for generating raindrop considering surface tension and contac angle, the amount of water, implements the raindrop using Unity3D engine. To demonstrate the usefulness of this paper, this paper shows the generated raindrop in accordance with the change in the area and pulling force in surface tension formula. This paper can help to provide the actuality in game in case of rendering the raindrop.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.106-112
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• 2010

This study deals with the surface fluorination of poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) with the direct contact of 100 ppm fluorine gas. To characterize the surface fluorinated membranes, the contac angle measurement, X-ray photoelectron microscopy analysis and the gas permeation experiments were performed. As the fluorination time increases, the hydrophobicity of membrane surfaces is increased by the surface characterization. In general, as expected, the overall gas permeability was reduced. Typically, the permeability reduction of 33% for nitrogen, 23% for oxygen and 3% for carbon dioxide were observed when the membranes were exposed in 100 ppm environment for 60 min., meanwhile the selectivity was increased from 3.92 to 4.47 for $O_2/N_2$ and 18.09 to 25.4 for $O_2/N_2$, respectively.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.361-376
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the head and neck postre and the cervical curvature, especially in forward head postrue(FHP). Sixty patients with craniomandibular disorders and thirty dental students without any signs and symptoms of craniomandibular disordres participated in this study as patient groups and sa control group, respectively. The author evaluated the head and neck posture of all subjects by plumb line and CROM( Cervical Ragne of Motion), and had taken cephaograph in natural head position. On the cephalograph the angle of cervical inclination formed by true horizntal plane and 4th cervical vertebra(C4) and the radius of cervical curvature from C1 to C5 were measured. A specially designed ruler was used for measuring cervical curvature. Occlusal contac number and force with T-scan system, electromygraphic activity of cervical muscles with Bio-EMG, and distance of freeway space with Bio-ECN were recorded, respectively. The collected data were processed by SAS/STAT progrm. The obtained results were as follows : 1. In subjects with longer radius which was less cervical curvature, head positioned more anteriorly than subjects with smaller radius, and they showed slightly straight cervical vertebra. 2. Between the patients and the control group, there were no differences in cervical curvature, in forward head position by plumb line and in CROM. But the patient group had a greater cervical inclination than the control group had. 3. There were positive correlation between cervical curvature and forward head position by plumbline,between forward head position y plumb line and that by CROM in patient group. The cervical inclination, however, had negative correlation with cervical curvature, and with forward head postion by plumb line, respectively. 4. In case of showing more cervical curvature and more forward head position by plumb line the head position was defined as forward head posture. In patient group, subjects without forward head posture showed greater posterior teeth contact force than subjects with forward head posture, but in control group, there were no difference between the two subjects. 5. There were higher electromyographic activity in almost all muscles and smaller freeway space in induced forward head posture than those in natural head position in subjects without forward head posture. In conclusion, head position of patients with craniomandibular disorders were not more anterior than that of normal control person, but they had tendency to head extension. From the result of this study, forward head posture could be defined as posterior rotation of upper cervical segment with a straight lower cercial segment due to loss of normal lordosis.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.191-201
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• 2016

Purpose: In the present study, the effect of artificial tears with different ingredients on tear film stability and subjective symptoms of dry eyes in the early stage of soft contact lenses wear was investigated. Methods: The three kinds of artificial tears and saline solution were respectively applied onto 50 dry eyes which wore soft contact lenses made of etafilcon A. Then, non-invasive tear film break-up time (NIBUT) was measured at every five minutes for 30 minutes right after the instillation of artificial tears, and the changes in blink rate and subjective symptoms were estimated after 30 minutes from the instillations. Results: All three kinds of artificial tears increased NIBUT larger than saline. The effect of increasing NIBUT immediately after the instillation of artificial tears was the largest when the artificial tear containing viscosity enhancer was used. The duration time of the effect was the longest when the artificial tear having both surfactant and viscosity enhancer was applied. The blink rate was not significantly changed when both artificial tears and saline solution were instilled. Subjective symptoms were significantly improved by the instillation of both artificial tears and saline solution and dryness, irritation, tiredness, stiffness, dazzling were improved by the use of most solutions. However, the subjective symptoms were rebounded to the level before the instillation of artificial tears after 30 minute-instillation. Conclusions: It was revealed that both artificial tears and saline solution could improve the subjective symptoms of dry eye in the early stage of soft contac lenses however, the effect of these solutions on the tear film stability was different according to the components. From the results, it is suggested that the proper selection of artificial tears is necessary for the improvement of dry eye symptoms at the early stage of soft contact lenses wear in dry eye.