• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 제어로봇시스템학회 2001년도 ICCAS
• /
• pp.138.6-138
• /
• 2001

In recent years, as the battery-powered portable systems such as cellular phone, personal digital assistant (PDA) are widely used, power consumption comes to be a top-priority design concerns. Because those embedded systems become more and more complex than ever and they are operated under severe power and energy constrains, long battery lifetime with a limited energy is very critical. Even though there are various levels of energy optimization techniques, system level techniques are mainly focused on, for their stronger impact on power consumption of the overall system than traditional techniques : circuit level, switch level, architecture level, etc. In this technique, operating system (OS) plays the most important role in the system because it controls ...

• ETRI Journal
• /
• 제34권5호
• /
• pp.727-733
• /
• 2012

This paper demonstrates a new driving scheme that allows reducing the supply voltage of data drivers for low-power active matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) displays. The proposed technique drives down the data voltage range by 50%, which subsequently diminishes in the peak power consumption of data drivers at the full white pattern by 75%. Because the gate voltage of a driving thin film transistor covers the same range as a conventional driving scheme by means of a level-shifting scheme, the low-data supply scheme achieves the equivalent dynamic range of OLED currents. The average power consumption of data drivers is reduced by 60% over 24 test images, and power consumption is kept below 25%.

• Management Science and Financial Engineering
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.43-47
• /
• 2013

This paper studies an optimal consumption and portfolio choice problem for unemployed people who have an option to work. Our problem is to find optimal consumption, risky investment, and workforce re-entry strategies for the unemployed. We find a closed form of the critical wealth level to re-enter the workforce. We show that the unemployed with a higher disutility of labor or a larger relative risk aversion are more reluctant to re-enter the workforce.

• 대한가정학회지
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.581-600
• /
• 1974

The purpose of this study is clarify consumer problem on the basis of understanding consumer behavior, that is, to make explicit the effect of economic levels and educational background upon consumer consciousness and consumption behavior. The data in this study is from a survey in 1973 by means of a questionnaire of the opinions of 200 housewives of Seoul. The ${\chi}^2$(Chi-Squire) was applied for the statistical analysis of the data and following results were found. Generally consumers lack understanding of economic matters and satisfactory consciousness on matters of consumption life. And there is significant difference among the class on several matters. That is, the lower economic level and educational background are, the lower the understanding of economic matters and consciousness of satisfaction are. So the consumer education must be carried out for lower class of economic level and educational background. And in the present awakening of salers and makers is needed for consumers.

• 대한가정학회지
• /
• 제40권7호
• /
• pp.101-118
• /
• 2002

This study examined the levels and trends in the household expenditure in both public and private education. Between 1982 and 2000, the level of the total educational expenditure increased by 5% in each year on average, increased by 2.2% for public education, and by 11.4% for private education. On the public educational expenditure, the consumption expenditure elasticity was 0.2 and the price elasticity was 1.49. On the private educational expenditure, the consumption expenditure elasticity was 1.5 and became below 1 after 1998, and the price elasticity was 2.63. The results indicated that the educational expenditure was necessary rather than luxurious and there was excess demand for private education. The level of the educational expenditure would continue to increase without reforms both in the supply and demand sides.

• KIEAE Journal
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.101-106
• /
• 2012

Lighting energy accounts for approximately 20% of the electrical energy used worldwide. Thus, High efficiency Light emitting diode(LED)lighting is getting more popular as the next generation lighting replaced to traditional lighting fixtures. Also, LED lighting not only has a long lifetime but also can realize a variety visual environments through the wavelengh control. The lighting energy varies depending on the Spectral Power Distribution(SPD) even though the Illuminance level is same. Therefore, This study indicates that the difference of indoor energy consumption under the same illuminance level when Spectral Power Distribution(SPD) is different. As a result, Lighting energy consumption under red-color emphasizing SPD is about 10% lower than under blue-color emphasizing SPDs.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국정보디스플레이학회 2009년도 9th International Meeting on Information Display
• /
• pp.402-403
• /
• 2009

A variety of power reduction technologies is introduced and the benefits of the technologies are discussed. PenTile$^{(R)}$ DBLC (Dynamic Brightness LED Control) combined with SABC (Sensor-Based Adaptive Brightness Control) enables to achieve the average LED power consumption to one third. The panel power reduction of 25% can be achieved with low power driving technology, ALS (Active Level Shifter). MIP (Memory In Pixel) is expected to be useful in transflective display because the whole display area can be utilized in reflective mode with power consumption of 1mW.

• 국제지역연구
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.315-338
• /
• 2009

이 논문은 먼저 중국의 소비 양극화의 실태를 살펴본 후에, 소비 양극화의 요인을 검토하고, 마지막으로 소비 양극화에 대한 한국 기업의 정책 대응에 대해 살펴본다. 본 논문에서 발견된 사실은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 세계금융위기 이전부터 중국에는 계층 간 소비 양극화, 도·농간 소비 양극화, 개인소비의 양극화 현상이 존재하였다. 실제 저가품과 고가품의 매출이 많은 소비 양극화 현상이 존재하였다. 둘째, 세계금융위기 이후에는 소비 양극화 추세가 선진국이나 다른 신흥국가에 비해서 더 뚜렷하다는 징후가 많다. 고가품과 저가품의 소비증가가 다른 나라보다 더 뚜렷하다. 셋째, 중국에서 소비 양극화의 요인으로는 소득 양극화, 흑색·회색소득, 미엔즈 문화, 실업 증가, 가족형태의 변화 등이 있다. 특히 중국에서는 공식적 소득의 양극화 정도가 높을 뿐만 아니라 비공식적 소득인 흑색·회색 소득 수준이 상당히 높다. 또한 미엔즈(체면) 문화 때문에 과시적 소비의 정도가 높다. 이들은 모두 금융위기 전과 후에 모두 적용되는 소비 양극화의 요인이다. 마지막으로 이 논문은 소비 양극화의 중국적 상황에 걸 맞는 전략을 제시하고자 시도하였다.

• Journal of Korea Trade
• /
• 제26권8호
• /
• pp.21-36
• /
• 2022

Purpose - Carbon emission standards are based on the "production-based carbon emissions" generated by the production of goods in the relevant country which were the existing measurement methods. However, can such carbon emissions measurement standards be established international? For example, some of the goods produced in developing countries are produced for the demand of developed countries. The method of measuring carbon emission based on the final demand of a certain country is called "consumption-based carbon emissions." This study compares productionand consumption-based CO₂ emissions according to economic growth in ninety-three countries categorized by income level. Design/methodology - Our empirical model considers the difference between production- and consumption-based CO₂ emissions according to economic growth. Also, our model investigated whether the EKC hypothesis in most of the previous studies that had been based on production-based emissions was also established in the consumption-based emission model. Considering the continuous characteristics of CO₂, we utilized the generalized method of moments (GMM), specifically a system GMM econometric technique because CO₂ in the previous period can affect CO₂ in the present period. Findings - Our main findings can be summarized as follows: The results show that for the consumption-based CO₂ emissions model, CO₂ continuously increases as economic growth increases in the upper-middle income countries. The inverted U-shaped result was found in the case of the production-based model. However, in the lower-income countries, an inverted-U shape in which CO₂ emissions decrease at some point as the economy grows in the production-based model does not appear. On the other hand, in the consumption-based model, an inverted U-shaped result was obtained when estimating with system-GMM. Additionally, the proportion of manufacturing, energy imports, and energy consumption had an effect on both the production- and the consumption-based model regardless of the group's CO₂ emissions. On the basis of such assessments, policymakers need to consider not only production- but also consumption-based options. Originality/value - Previous studies have mainly focused on production-based CO₂ emissions, with most of them revolving around economic growth or the effect of various social and economic factors on CO₂ emissions. However, this study considers the relationship with economic growth using consumption-based emissions as a dependent variable by classifying ninety-three countries by income level.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.149-163
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study is to present a plan to activate the production and consumption of environmently friendly agricultural products through an analysis on the understanding degree, the level and inclination of consumption, the satisfaction degree of consumption, and the comprehension degree of production and circulation process of the environmently friendly agricultural products. 1 reviewed the literature and did survey In this study. The results are as follows : (1) As a result of an analysis on the understanding degree of the environmently friendly agricultural products, it is shown to get 6.37 points out of 10 and also, there is a difference between age, educational background, and income level. (2) In the case of research on the method to distinguish the environmently friendly agricultural products from others, it is proved that consumers have a strong faith on quality guarantee marks and there is a difference between gender, income level, and consumption period. (3) It is also shown that consumers purchase environmently friendly agricultural products for the family member's health in the survey on the motivation for purchasing them. And also, there is a difference between men and women. (4) The result of the survey on the consumption scale of the environmently friendly agricultural products shows that 94 people(60.3％) spend more than 50％ of their gloss foodstuffs cost purchasing them and 20 people(12.8％) spend 30-50％. (5) In the survey on the amount and the frequency of the purchasing items of the envirounently friendly agricultural products, respondents count livestock products mostly in amount while point out main cereals and a kinds of soy and pastes in frequency. (6) Consumers ask that the price of environmently friendly agricultural products is a little expensive or reasonable and there is no differences between individual groups. (7) In the case of the purchase of foreign environmently friendly agricultural products, there are more people who want to purchase domestic ones than those who want foreign ones. Therefore, it is shown that environmently friendly agricultural products have a counterpower after the market-open to import. (8) As a result of the analysis on the quality of environmently friendly agricultural products, it is proved that they have better quality than general agricultural products and also, it is found out that women feel larger differences than men in quality. (9) In the analysis on the satisfaction degree of the environmently friendly agricultural products, it is proved that respondents trust the safety and nutrition of them whereas they are not satisfied with the external shape of them. (10) It is analyzed that tile conversion of consumer's consciousness is the most critical factor for development of environmently friendly agriculture. (11) The factors to activate the consumption of environmently friendly agricultural products are proved in order of the enlargement of direct transaction, the conversion of consumer's consciousness, the easiness of purchase, activating consumers'unions, and publicity.