• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.657-664
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• 2007

The content and distribution of some heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn and Pb) were investigated in the <$63{\mu}m$ bed sediments of the Mangyeong river to recognize the extent of contamination. Results showed that a wide range of concentrations was apparent for every metal. These variations were particularly significant at the confluence of tributaries. High levels of metals occur mainly in the confluence of tributaries. Geoaccumulation indexes have been calculated to assess whether the concentration observed represent background or contaminated levels. It is proved that the Mangyeong River is moderately to strongly polluted for Mn, Cr, Cu, Zn and Pb. The spatial extent of pollution was examined, and it was found that the most polluted area is located in the confluence of Iksan and Jeonju tributaries.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.659-667
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• 2017

This study analyzes the changes in the flow characteristics due to the difference in inflow discharges from the main channel and tributary at the confluence of the Nakdong and Geumho Rivers. The analysis was done using a two-dimensional numerical method. The study site has complicated flow patterns because of the discharge variation from the main stream and tributary. The study section has a meandering main channel, and the hydraulic characteristics cannot be defined with simple conditions such as the confluence angle of the channels or the ratio of the channel widths. An actual flood event in 2012 was applied in the numerical simulation. The maximum velocity occurred in the meandering section after passing the confluence, where a rapid change was expected. A high velocity and large bed change in this section were observed in the simulation results. The variation of discharges from the main channel and tributary was a more dominant factor in the flow and bed changes for the normal flow conditions than the flood event. This indicates that countermeasures for channel stabilization should be considered in the meandering section downstream of the confluence section, and countermeasures for the study section should be investigated.

• 한국초전도학회:학술대회논문집
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• v.10
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• pp.160-164
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• 2000

Digital to analog converters based on the Josephson effect are promising for voltage standard, because they produce voltage steps with high precision and good stability. In this paper, we made a simulation study on RSFQ D/A converter. RSFQ D/A converter was composed of NDRO cells, T(toggle) flip-flops, D flip-flops, Splitters and Confluence Buffers. Confluence Buffer was used to reset the D/A converter. We also obtained operating margins of the important circuit values by simulational experiments.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.172-177
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• 2002

Superconductive digital to analog converters (DAC) based on Josephson effect produce the voltage steps with high precision and good stability Therefore, they can be applied to obtain a very accurate ac voltage standard. In this paper, we made a simulation study of Rapid Single Flux Quantum (RSFQ) DAC. RSFQ DAC was composed of Non-destructive Head Out (NDRO) cells, T flip-flops, D flip-flops, Splitters, and Confluence Buffers. Confluence Buffer was used in resetting the DACs. We also obtained operating margins of the important circuit parameters in simulations.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.328-338
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• 2019

This paper presents the numerical simulations of future river bed changes using CCHE2D, a two-dimensional numerical model, for river confluences at the confluences of the Nakdong River and Gamcheon as well as Geum River and Mihocheon. The numerical simulations of future river bed changes were conducted for three years using hydrological data from August 30, 2012, to August 29, 2015 after the Four Major River Restoration Project. The simulation results demonstrated that river bed changes occurred actively near the confluence where sediment deposition was concentrated, resulting in the possibility of point bar formation. Through the numerical simulations, the characteristics of future river bed change was evaluated by investigating the characteristics of bed changes, average bed elevation changes, and the difference between deposition and erosion in the target section. The two-dimensional numerical model is expected to be used in the future to prepare effective stabilization plans for the tributary confluence.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.5 no.1 s.16
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• pp.63-68
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• 2005

LSIV (Large Scale Image Velocimetry), a technique of image analysis on velocity measurement, was applied to a hydraulic model experiment of river confluence. The surface velocities measured by using LSIV showed similar results with the mean velocities by using a traditional velocimeter, While a general velocimeter can measure only local point velocity, LSIV can measure whole velocity field with one shot. When it is applied to river confluence or around a bridge pier where local flow is dominant, LSIV may be a powerful tool to measure velocity field.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.123-125
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• 2000

To investigate the hemolytic toxicities of the Korean basidiomycetes, the cold-water extracts of 22 wild mushrooms were tested for their hemolytic activities on the erythrocytes of a mouse and a rat. As a result, three species including Collybia confluence, Laccaria vinaceoavellanea and Lenzites betulina showed strong hemolytic activities. Of these, L. vinaceoavellanea retained more than 80% of its hemolytic activity even after it was boiled for 30 minutes, while the other two were inactivited in five minutes.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.30.1-30.18
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• 2023

About 0.8 million people die because of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection each year. In around 5% of infected adults, the immune system is ineffective in countering HBV infection, leading to chronic hepatitis B (CHB). CHB is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, which can lead to patient death. Unfortunately, although current treatments against CHB allow control of HBV infection, they are unable to achieve complete eradication of the virus. Cytokines of the IFN family represent part of the innate immune system and are key players in virus elimination. IFN secretion induces the expression of interferon stimulated genes, producing proteins that have antiviral properties and that are essential to cell-autonomous immunity. IFN-α is commonly used as a therapeutic approach for CHB. In addition, IFN-γ has been identified as the main IFN family member responsible for HBV eradication during acute infection. In this review, we summarize the key evidence gained from cellular or animal models of HBV replication or infection concerning the potential anti-HBV roles of IFN-γ with a particular focus on some IFN-γ-inducible genes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.62-73
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• 2003

The study was to apply a mat style reed planting method at confluence to improve plants growth conditions by relaxing disturbed topographical base due to water flow and was intended to review the effect to build up a vegetation strip by monitoring process after the construction. First off, We've attempted to construct reed mats on selected sites as confluences of Tan and Gaehwa stream and then examined and analyzed characteristics of soil and vegetation community. As the results of the examination, the soil texture was proven to be a mix of sand and loamy sand and be 6.3 ~ 7.0 soil pH. In addition, it contained 1.0 ~ 4.6% of organic matter, 0.04 ~ 0.22% of T-N and 27.8 ~ 41.2% of water content. For its vegetation structure, the Tan stream confluence was first actually a point bar without plants prior to the construction but 8 kinds of hygrophytes including Persicaria hydropiper and 9 kinds of terrestrial plants such as Potentilla supina, Artemisia annua, and Alopecurus aequalis var. amurensis. On the other hand, the Gaehwa stream confluence contained 6 kinds of hygrophytes such as Bidens frondosa and other 11 kinds of terrestrial plants prior to the construction while it produced 7 kinds of hygrophytes including Ranunculus ternatus as well as Phragmites australis and 9 kinds of terrestrial plants such as Potentilla supina after the construction. For the Phragmites australis, almost of them was weathered away in early days just after planting because of development period passed, but on May, six months later from planting, it was investigated that its length was approximated as 65 ~ 85cm with 75% coverage and that the number of it was 437 ~ 633/$m^2$. The study was shown that reed mats can improve environmental conditions of disturbed topographical base, enabling natural growth of various riparian vegetation including the introduced plant, reed. In the meantime, it was supposedly judged that to recover or build up a vegetarian strip, supplementary materials should be prepared to help produce and grow plants because it is not probable to expect river drift by water flow at confluence and that corrosion, burying or inundation owing to changes of water lever should be considered.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.167-179
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• 2021

In order to characterize the mixing process of confluence for understanding the impacts of a river on the other river, it has been crucial to analyze the spatial mixing patterns for main streams depending on various inflow conditions of tributaries. However, most conventional studies have mostly relied upon hydraulic or water quality numerical models for understanding mixing pattern analysis of confluences, due to the difficulties to acquire a wide spatial range of in-situ data for characterizing mixing process. In this study, backscatters (or SNR) measured from ADCPs were particularly used to track sediment mixing assuming that it could be a surrogate to estimate the suspended sediment concentration. Raw backscatter data were corrected by considering the beam spreading and absorption by water. Also, an optical Laser diffraction instrument (LISST) was used to verify the method of acoustic backscatter and to collect the particle size distribution of main stream and tributary. In addition, image-based spatial distributions of sediment mixture in the confluence were monitored in various flow conditions by using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), which were compared with the spatial distribution of acoustic backscatter. As results, we found that when acoustic backscatter by ADCPs were well processed, they could be proper indicators to identify the spatial patterns of the three-dimensional mixing process between two rivers. For this study, flow and sediment mixing characteristics were investigated in the confluence between Nakdong and Nam river.