• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.439-444
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• 1997

Twelve kinds (1set) standard materials of chemical ingredients of lead zirconate titanate[$Pb(ZrTi)O_3$] have been developed in order to determine fast and accurate measurement of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Especially, we used diluted(ahout sixteen times) filling compound($Li_2B_4O_7/LiBO_2=4/1$) to consider removal effect of matrix, storage convenience, and homogenous characteristics. As a result from the four different laboratories, we obtained extremly good agreement about the standard curve on twelve standard materials which containing eleven elements, PbO, $ZrO_2$, $TiO_2$, SrO, $WO_3$, $La_2O_3$, $Cr_2O_3$, MgO, $Nb_2O_5$, and $MnO_2$. The correlation factor of standard curve was over 0.998. However, ZnO has relatively low correlation factor, 0.977, because the concentration was 10ppm lower than other original materials. This analysis reveals that ZnO has shown the poor linearity as well as low fluorescence intensity. In present work, XRF standard materials are useful for determining a rapid and accurate results for major and minor elements concentration among PZT.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.160-163
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• 1998

In this study, the compostable household wastes from a house were composted in a home composter without adding any bulking agent and microorganisms. Every day wastes of 1kg were added to the composter during the experimental period. The following results were obtained : 1. Each component of the compostable household wastes generated every day showed very difference. 2. While composting proceeded at room temperature by suppling 1,1322 l air per hour, the composting material maintained the water content of 74.36 ${\sim}$ 85.14%, whereas while composting proceeded at $45^{\circ}C$ by suppling 427 l air per hour, the compost had optimal water content. The electric power of 132kwh a month was required by operating the composting unit at $45^{\circ}C$. 3. During 20 day, decomposition of 28% at room temperature and 44% at $45^{\circ}C$ were obtained respectively. 4. The accumulation of inorganic compound contents were not shown during the composting period, However, the content of salt and Cd was very high. Therefore, using the compost for agriculture has to be careful. 5. The biofilter removed the odorous substants efficiently at the room temperature due to increasing surface loading.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.3-7
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• 2009

Background and Objectives : Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is a medical plant that has been widely utilized as a tonic and nutritional agent since ancient times in Korea. Ginseng has anti-metastatic property of cancer and immunomodulating activity. The novel acidic polysaccharide compound(MB40) was isolated from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. To determine immunomodulating activities of MB40, we evaluate anti-cancer and anti-metastatic effects of MB40 in tumor bearing immune competent mice. Material and Methods : C3H mice were divided into three equal groups(Cisplatin treatment group, MB40 treat-ment group, Cisplatin and MB40 treatment group) and were transplanted SCC(Squamous Cell Carcinoma) cells(2${\times}$106) to the lateral side of abdomen. From day 4 after transplantation, MB40 was administrated at dose of 10mg/kg, respectively, every other day by intratumoral injection. Cisplatin was systemically administrated at doses of 1mg/kg, respectively, every week by intraperitoneal injection. Results : 5 days after administration, tumors can be palpated in every mice group. After 13 days of administration, the mice group to which MB40 were administrated exhibited reduction in tumor size respectively, compared to cisplatin group. Overall status of mice such as body weight and activity were superior in MB40 group than cisplatin group. Conclusion : The result of this study indicates MB40 may have significant therapeutic effect and decreases complications induced by systemic chemotheraphy. MB40 may be developed as a novel and potent immunotropics to improve the cell immune system and anti-cancer drug for the treatment of cancer patients in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.396-402
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• 2004

For industrial application to manufacturing functional foods for health using browned oak mushroom, we examined its reducing power, inhibitory effect on intracellular reactive oxygen species, phenolic compounds and phytates contents, modulatory effects on NO radical and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) generation by activated macrophages, and antimutagenicity in order to evaluate the functionality of browned oak mushroom for health. While overall ethanolic extracts have higher reducing power than aqueous extracts, browning reaction was found to increase reducing power by up to 28% at a 3.32 mg/ml sample concentration. Browning reaction also increased phenolic compound content by about 73% compared to raw mushroom. However, any significant change in phytate content could not be detected. At a concentration of $100\;{\mu}g/ml$, treatment of ethanolic extract of oak mushroom increased NO generation over 43% in LPS-stimulated macrophage. On the contrary, the aqueous extracts rather decreased it over 17% at the same sample dose. However, any solvent extract from browned oak mushroom seems not to cause any change in both NO production and MMP9 activity. In addition, browning reaction did not allow any significant change in suppressive effect on mitomycin C-induced mutagenesis as examined with SOS chromotest. These results suggest a possible use of browned oak mushroom with unmarketable quality as a material for development of a variety of processed functional foods for health.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.750-756
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• 2014

Citrus, yield of which is the highest among fruits produced in Korea, is extensively consumed for processed food items. The amount of by-products of citrus produced from the processing within a short period after the harvest is tremendous. These by-products are mostly dumped into land or neglected because of cost involved in processing them. The aim of the present study was to explore the usefulness of the by-products as a new material by examining the anti-inflammatory activity of fermented extracts of citrus peels. The peels of 'unshu' (Citrus unshiu) was fermented with Aspergillus niger and their extracts before or after fermentation were analyzed using HPLC. The analysis showed that neohesperidin level considerably increased and the two new compounds were synthesized after fermentation. The anti-inflammatory activity of the fermented extracts was examined on RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Fermented unshu extracts significantly enhanced the decrease of nitric oxide (NO) production, iNOS and COX-2 expression, comparing with those of unfermented extracts. Also TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 production, both of which are pro-inflammatory cytokine, were more inhibited in fermented extracts. These results showed that the fermentation and promotion of the function of the by-products of citrus peels will help find a new application.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.13-22
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• 2006

The geotextile have been used in filtration and drainage for over 30 years in many applications of civil and environmental projects. Geotextile tube is compound technology of filtration and drainage property of geotextile. Geotextile have been used for various types of containers, such as small hand-filled sandbags, 3-dimensional fabric forms for concrete paste, large soil and aggregate filled geotextile gabion, prefabricated hydraulically filled containers, and other innovative systems involving containment of soils using geotextile. They are hydraulically filled with dredged materials. It have been applied in coastal protection and scour protection, dewatering method of slurry, and isolation of contaminated material. Recently, geotextile tube technology is no longer alternative construction technique but suitable desired solution. This paper presents the behavior of geotextile tube composite structure by 2-D limit equilibrium and plane strain analysis. 2-D limit equilibrium analysis was performed to evaluate the stability of geotextile tube composite structure for the lateral load and also the plane strain analysis was conducted to determine the design and construction factors. Based on the results of this paper, the three types of geotextile tube composite structure is stable. And the optimum tensile strength of geotextile is 151kN/m and maximum pumping pressure is 22.7kN/m.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.361-368
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• 2015

In this study, the fermentation characteristics of Yakju were investigated by addition of protein and lipid. These are classified according to raw material (rice, glucose) and inducing substance (rice protein, rice lipid). Alcoholic fermentation occurred at $25^{\circ}C$, after 14 days. The results of this study were as follows: Alcohol content of Yakju with rice protein was higher than those of other samples. The pH and glucose of rice Yakju were detemied to be 4.86~5.13 and 4.17~4.86, respectively. Titratable acid and the total amino acid content of the Yakju with rice protein were the highest among other samples. The optical density contents of the rice Yakju and glucose Yakju were 0.52~0.653 and 0.27~0.61, respectively. The concentration of organic acids in rice Yakju (433.98~519.31 mg%) was higher than that of glucose Yakju (303.76~387.50 mg%). The major organic acid components of the Yakju were succinic, citric, acetic and lactic acids. The nitrogen compound concentrations of rice Yakju (4377.38~10208.06 ppm) was higher than that of glucose Yakju (671.20~9368.93 ppm). The protein odor correlation coefficient was 0.98 (p<0.001) showing a very high correlation coefficient, while lipid odor coefficient showed a negative correlation with -0.038 (p<0.458).

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.426-432
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• 2013

The results of the content of total polyphenol and flavonoid, DPPH (1-1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] radical scavenging activity, nitrite scavenging activity and SOD-like activity of methanol extracts from immature cotton boll are follows. The contents of total polyphenol and flavonoid compound were higher in small size cotton boll, and DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity also showed a relatively high activity in the small size. These results indicate that there is a correlation between phenol content and DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging. The test concentrations of immature cotton boll extract for measuring DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were set as 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/ml. Immature cotton boll has high radical scavenging activity at the concentration of 1.25~20 mg/ml and the result showed a tendency to increase in a concentration-dependent. The nitrite scavenging activity showed high activity in the pH 1.2, and the result in the pH 4.2 showed progressively less active, and in the pH 6.0 near neutral was confirmed that does not affect the nitrite scavenging. In addition, SOD-like activity showed somewhat lower activity compared with ascorbic acid, but tended to be higher when compared with the results of the other natural substances. Through this experiment, we confirmed that immature cotton boll was excellent antioxidant activity. Therefore, it is demonstrated that the cotton suggest the possibility of development of new material for cosmetic product or functional food in the future, and is expected to make a greater usability.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.853-863
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• 2000

In this study, a new UBM materials system for solder flip chip interconnection of Cu pads were investigated using electroless copper (E-Cu) and electroless nickel (E-Ni) plating method. The interfacial reaction between several UBM structures and Sn-36Pb-2Ag solder and its effect on solder bump joint mechanical reliability were investigated to optimife the UBM materials design for solder bump on Cu pads. Fer the E-Cu UBM, continuous coarse scallop-like $Cu_{6}$ $Sn_{5}$ , intermetallic compound (IMC) was formed at the solder/E-Cu interface, and bump fracture occurred this interface under relative small load. In contrast, Fer the E-Ni/E-Cu UBM, it was observed that E-Ni effectively limited the growth of IMC at the interface, and the Polygonal $Ni_3$$Sn_4$ IMC was formed because of crystallographic mismatch between monoclinic $Ni_3$$Sn_4$ and amorphous E-Ni phase. Consequently, relatively higher bump adhesion strength was observed at E-Ni/E-Cu UBM than E-Cu UBM. As a result, it was fecund that E-Ni/E-Cu UBM material system was a better choice for solder flip chip interconnection on CU PadS.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1111-1118
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• 1996

The extracts of toha, a kind of freshwater shrimp (Caridina denticulata denticulata) being cultivated in Naju district, Chonnam of Korea and jeotsaeu, a kind of seawater shrimp (Acetes japonicus) being caught in Shinan district, Chonnam of Korea, were analyzed for the taste constituents-extractive nitrogen, free amino acids, oligopeptides, nucleotides and related compounds, quaternary ammonium bases, and guanidino compounds-using specimens collected from December in 1994 to November in 1995. The content of extractive nitrogen. free amino acids, oligopeptides, nucleotides and related compounds in toha extract was higher than that in jeotsaeu extract. On the contrary, the amount of homarine, trimethylamine oxide and trimethlamine in toha extract was lower than that in jeotsaeu extract. But in case of creatine and creatine both species showed almost the same level. Arginine, lysine, glutamine, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, leucine, alanine, asparagine and glycine were the major amino acids in toha extract, while arginine, glutamic acid, proline, glutamine, lysine, leucine, glycine, alanine and taurine were the major amino acids in jeotsaeu extract. Methionine, glutamine, valine were almost the same level between the two species. As for nucleotides and related compound, AMP was the principal constituent in toha extract, and inosine was the principal constituent in jeotsaeu extract. In conclusion, the content of major nitrogenous constituents in toha extract was more abundant than that in jeotsaeu extract. So toha was more excellent raw material than jeotsaeu.